* GRAPH:: Plot data.
* CORRELATIONS:: Correlation tables.
* CROSSTABS:: Crosstabulation tables.
+* CTABLES:: Custom tables.
* FACTOR:: Factor analysis and Principal Components analysis.
* GLM:: Univariate Linear Models.
* LOGISTIC REGRESSION:: Bivariate Logistic Regression.
* ONEWAY:: One way analysis of variance.
* QUICK CLUSTER:: K-Means clustering.
* RANK:: Compute rank scores.
-* REGRESSION:: Linear regression.
* RELIABILITY:: Reliability analysis.
* ROC:: Receiver Operating Characteristic.
@end menu
@caption {Running two @cmd{DESCRIPTIVES} commands, one with the @subcmd{SAVE} subcommand}
@end float
+@float Screenshot, descriptives:scr
+@psppimage {descriptives}
+@caption {The Descriptives dialog box with two variables and Z-Scores option selected}
+@end float
+
In @ref{descriptives:res}, we can see that there are 40 valid data for each of the variables
and no missing values. The mean average of the height and temperature is 16677.12
and 37.02 respectively. The descriptive statistics for temperature seem reasonable.
by default, several statistics are calculated. Some are not particularly useful
for categorical variables, so you may want to disable those.
+@float Screenshot, frequencies:scr
+@psppimage {frequencies}
+@caption {The frequencies dialog box with the @exvar{sex} and @exvar{occupation} variables selected}
+@end float
+
From @ref{frequencies:res} it is evident that there are 33 males, 21 females and
2 persons for whom their sex has not been entered.
CROSSTABS
/TABLES=@var{var_list} BY @var{var_list} [BY @var{var_list}]@dots{}
/MISSING=@{TABLE,INCLUDE,REPORT@}
- /WRITE=@{NONE,CELLS,ALL@}
/FORMAT=@{TABLES,NOTABLES@}
- @{PIVOT,NOPIVOT@}
@{AVALUE,DVALUE@}
- @{NOINDEX,INDEX@}
- @{BOX,NOBOX@}
/CELLS=@{COUNT,ROW,COLUMN,TOTAL,EXPECTED,RESIDUAL,SRESIDUAL,
ASRESIDUAL,ALL,NONE@}
/COUNT=@{ASIS,CASE,CELL@}
integer mode, user-missing values are included in tables but marked with
a footnote and excluded from statistical calculations.
-Currently the @subcmd{WRITE} subcommand is ignored.
-
The @subcmd{FORMAT} subcommand controls the characteristics of the
crosstabulation tables to be displayed. It has a number of possible
settings:
@itemize @w{}
@item
@subcmd{TABLES}, the default, causes crosstabulation tables to be output.
-@subcmd{NOTABLES} suppresses them.
-
-@item
-@subcmd{PIVOT}, the default, causes each @subcmd{TABLES} subcommand to be displayed in a
-pivot table format. @subcmd{NOPIVOT} causes the old-style crosstabulation format
-to be used.
+@subcmd{NOTABLES}, which is equivalent to @code{CELLS=NONE}, suppresses them.
@item
@subcmd{AVALUE}, the default, causes values to be sorted in ascending order.
@subcmd{DVALUE} asserts a descending sort order.
-
-@item
-@subcmd{INDEX} and @subcmd{NOINDEX} are currently ignored.
-
-@item
-@subcmd{BOX} and @subcmd{NOBOX} is currently ignored.
@end itemize
The @subcmd{CELLS} subcommand controls the contents of each cell in the displayed
Fixes for any of these deficiencies would be welcomed.
+@subsection Crosstabs Example
+
+@cindex chi-square test of independence
+
+A researcher wishes to know if, in an industry, a person's sex is related to
+the person's occupation. To investigate this, she has determined that the
+@file{personnel.sav} is a representative, randomly selected sample of persons.
+The researcher's null hypothesis is that a person's sex has no relation to a
+person's occupation. She uses a chi-squared test of independence to investigate
+the hypothesis.
+
+@float Example, crosstabs:ex
+@psppsyntax {crosstabs.sps}
+@caption {Running crosstabs on the @exvar{sex} and @exvar{occupation} variables}
+@end float
+
+The syntax in @ref{crosstabs:ex} conducts a chi-squared test of independence.
+The line @code{/tables = occupation by sex} indicates that @exvar{occupation}
+and @exvar{sex} are the variables to be tabulated. To do this using the @gui{}
+you must place these variable names respectively in the @samp{Row} and
+@samp{Column} fields as shown in @ref{crosstabs:scr}.
+
+@float Screenshot, crosstabs:scr
+@psppimage {crosstabs}
+@caption {The Crosstabs dialog box with the @exvar{sex} and @exvar{occupation} variables selected}
+@end float
+
+Similarly, the @samp{Cells} button shows a dialog box to select the @code{count}
+and @code{expected} options. All other cell options can be deselected for this
+test.
+
+You would use the @samp{Format} and @samp{Statistics} buttons to select options
+for the @subcmd{FORMAT} and @subcmd{STATISTICS} subcommands. In this example,
+the @samp{Statistics} requires only the @samp{Chisq} option to be checked. All
+other options should be unchecked. No special settings are required from the
+@samp{Format} dialog.
+
+As shown in @ref{crosstabs:res} @cmd{CROSSTABS} generates a contingency table
+containing the observed count and the expected count of each sex and each
+occupation. The expected count is the count which would be observed if the
+null hypothesis were true.
+
+The significance of the Pearson Chi-Square value is very much larger than the
+normally accepted value of 0.05 and so one cannot reject the null hypothesis.
+Thus the researcher must conclude that a person's sex has no relation to the
+person's occupation.
+
+@float Results, crosstabs:res
+@psppoutput {crosstabs}
+@caption {The results of a test of independence between @exvar{sex} and @exvar{occupation}}
+@end float
+
+@node CTABLES
+@section CTABLES
+
+@vindex CTABLES
+@cindex custom tables
+@cindex tables, custom
+
+@code{CTABLES} has the following overall syntax. At least one
+@code{TABLE} subcommand is required:
+
+@display
+@t{CTABLES}
+ @dots{}@i{global subcommands}@dots{}
+ [@t{/TABLE} @i{axis} [@t{BY} @i{axis} [@t{BY} @i{axis}]]
+ @dots{}@i{per-table subcommands}@dots{}]@dots{}
+@end display
+
+@noindent
+where each @i{axis} may be empty or take one of the following forms:
+
+@display
+@i{variable}
+@i{variable} @t{[}@{@t{C} @math{|} @t{S}@}@t{]}
+@i{axis} + @i{axis}
+@i{axis} > @i{axis}
+(@i{axis})
+@i{axis} @t{(}@i{summary} [@i{string}] [@i{format}]@t{)}
+@end display
+
+The following subcommands precede the first @code{TABLE} subcommand
+and apply to all of the output tables. All of these subcommands are
+optional:
+
+@display
+@t{/FORMAT}
+ [@t{MINCOLWIDTH=}@{@t{DEFAULT} @math{|} @i{width}@}]
+ [@t{MAXCOLWIDTH=}@{@t{DEFAULT} @math{|} @i{width}@}]
+ [@t{UNITS=}@{@t{POINTS} @math{|} @t{INCHES} @math{|} @t{CM}@}]
+ [@t{EMPTY=}@{@t{ZERO} @math{|} @t{BLANK} @math{|} @i{string}@}]
+ [@t{MISSING=}@i{string}]
+@t{/VLABELS}
+ @t{VARIABLES=}@i{variables}
+ @t{DISPLAY}=@{@t{DEFAULT} @math{|} @t{NAME} @math{|} @t{LABEL} @math{|} @t{BOTH} @math{|} @t{NONE}@}
+@ignore @c not yet implemented
+@t{/MRSETS COUNTDUPLICATES=}@{@t{YES} @math{|} @t{NO}@}
+@end ignore
+@t{/SMISSING} @{@t{VARIABLE} @math{|} @t{LISTWISE}@}
+@t{/PCOMPUTE} @t{&}@i{category}@t{=EXPR(}@i{expression}@t{)}
+@t{/PPROPERTIES} @t{&}@i{category}@dots{}
+ [@t{LABEL=}@i{string}]
+ [@t{FORMAT=}[@i{summary} @i{format}]@dots{}]
+ [@t{HIDESOURCECATS=}@{@t{NO} @math{|} @t{YES}@}
+@t{/WEIGHT VARIABLE=}@i{variable}
+@t{/HIDESMALLCOUNTS COUNT=@i{count}}
+@end display
+
+The following subcommands follow @code{TABLE} and apply only to the
+previous @code{TABLE}. All of these subcommands are optional:
+
+@display
+@t{/SLABELS}
+ [@t{POSITION=}@{@t{COLUMN} @math{|} @t{ROW} @math{|} @t{LAYER}@}]
+ [@t{VISIBLE=}@{@t{YES} @math{|} @t{NO}@}]
+@t{/CLABELS} @{@t{AUTO} @math{|} @{@t{ROWLABELS}@math{|}@t{COLLABELS}@}@t{=}@{@t{OPPOSITE}@math{|}@t{LAYER}@}@}
+@t{/CATEGORIES} @t{VARIABLES=}@i{variables}
+ @{@t{[}@i{value}@t{,} @i{value}@dots{}@t{]}
+ @math{|} [@t{ORDER=}@{@t{A} @math{|} @t{D}@}]
+ [@t{KEY=}@{@t{VALUE} @math{|} @t{LABEL} @math{|} @i{summary}@t{(}@i{variable}@t{)}@}]
+ [@t{MISSING=}@{@t{EXCLUDE} @math{|} @t{INCLUDE}@}]@}
+ [@t{TOTAL=}@{@t{NO} @math{|} @t{YES}@} [@t{LABEL=}@i{string}] [@t{POSITION=}@{@t{AFTER} @math{|} @t{BEFORE}@}]]
+ [@t{EMPTY=}@{@t{INCLUDE} @math{|} @t{EXCLUDE}@}]
+@t{/TITLES}
+ [@t{TITLE=}@i{string}@dots{}]
+ [@t{CAPTION=}@i{string}@dots{}]
+ [@t{CORNER=}@i{string}@dots{}]
+@ignore @c not yet implemented
+@t{/CRITERIA CILEVEL=}@i{percentage}
+@t{/SIGTEST TYPE=CHISQUARE}
+ [@t{ALPHA=}@i{siglevel}]
+ [@t{INCLUDEMRSETS=}@{@t{YES} @math{|} @t{NO}@}]
+ [@t{CATEGORIES=}@{@t{ALLVISIBLE} @math{|} @t{SUBTOTALS}@}]
+@t{/COMPARETEST TYPE=}@{@t{PROP} @math{|} @t{MEAN}@}
+ [@t{ALPHA=}@i{value}[@t{,} @i{value}]]
+ [@t{ADJUST=}@{@t{BONFERRONI} @math{|} @t{BH} @math{|} @t{NONE}@}]
+ [@t{INCLUDEMRSETS=}@{@t{YES} @math{|} @t{NO}@}]
+ [@t{MEANSVARIANCE=}@{@t{ALLCATS} @math{|} @t{TESTEDCATS}@}]
+ [@t{CATEGORIES=}@{@t{ALLVISIBLE} @math{|} @t{SUBTOTALS}@}]
+ [@t{MERGE=}@{@t{NO} @math{|} @t{YES}@}]
+ [@t{STYLE=}@{@t{APA} @math{|} @t{SIMPLE}@}]
+ [@t{SHOWSIG=}@{@t{NO} @math{|} @t{YES}@}]
+@end ignore
+@end display
+
+The @code{CTABLES} (aka ``custom tables'') command produces
+multi-dimensional tables from categorical and scale data. It offers
+many options for data summarization and formatting.
+
+This section's examples use data from the 2008 (USA) National Survey
+of Drinking and Driving Attitudes and Behaviors, a public domain data
+set from the (USA) National Highway Traffic Administration and
+available at @url{https://data.transportation.gov}. @pspp{} includes
+this data set, with a slightly modified dictionary, as
+@file{examples/nhtsa.sav}.
+
+@node CTABLES Basics
+@subsection Basics
+
+The only required subcommand is @code{TABLE}, which specifies the
+variables to include along each axis:
+@display
+@t{/TABLE} @i{rows} [@t{BY} @i{columns} [@t{BY} @i{layers}]]
+@end display
+@noindent
+In @code{TABLE}, each of @var{rows}, @var{columns}, and @var{layers}
+is either empty or an axis expression that specifies one or more
+variables. At least one must specify an axis expression.
+
+@menu
+* CTABLES Categorical Variable Basics::
+* CTABLES Scalar Variable Basics::
+* CTABLES Overriding Measurement Level::
+@end menu
+
+@node CTABLES Categorical Variable Basics
+@subsubsection Categorical Variables
+
+An axis expression that names a categorical variable divides the data
+into cells according to the values of that variable. When all the
+variables named on @code{TABLE} are categorical, by default each cell
+displays the number of cases that it contains, so specifying a single
+variable yields a frequency table:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE=AgeGroup.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables1}
+
+@noindent
+Specifying a row and a column categorical variable yields a
+crosstabulation:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE=AgeGroup BY qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables2}
+
+@noindent
+The @samp{>} ``nesting'' operator nests multiple variables on a single
+axis, e.g.:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE qn105ba BY AgeGroup > qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables3}
+
+@noindent
+The @samp{+} ``stacking'' operator allows a single output table to
+include multiple data analyses. With @samp{+}, @code{CTABLES} divides
+the output table into multiple @dfn{sections}, each of which includes
+an analysis of the full data set. For example, the following command
+separately tabulates age group and driving frequency by gender:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE AgeGroup + qn1 BY qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables4}
+
+@noindent
+When @samp{+} and @samp{>} are used together, @samp{>} binds more
+tightly. Use parentheses to override operator precedence. Thus:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE qn26 + qn27 > qns3a.
+CTABLES /TABLE (qn26 + qn27) > qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables5}
+
+@node CTABLES Scalar Variable Basics
+@subsubsection Scalar Variables
+
+For a categorical variable, @code{CTABLES} divides the table into a
+cell per category. For a scalar variable, @code{CTABLES} instead
+calculates a summary measure, by default the mean, of the values that
+fall into a cell. For example, if the only variable specified is a
+scalar variable, then the output is a single cell that holds the mean
+of all of the data:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE qnd1.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables6}
+
+A scalar variable may nest with categorical variables. The following
+example shows the mean age of survey respondents across gender and
+language groups:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE qns3a > qnd1 BY region.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables7}
+
+The order of nesting of scalar and categorical variables affects table
+labeling, but it does not affect the data displayed in the table. The
+following example shows how the output changes when the nesting order
+of the scalar and categorical variable are interchanged:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE qnd1 > qns3a BY region.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables8}
+
+Only a single scalar variable may appear in each section; that is, a
+scalar variable may not nest inside a scalar variable directly or
+indirectly. Scalar variables may only appear on one axis within
+@code{TABLE}.
+
+@node CTABLES Overriding Measurement Level
+@subsubsection Overriding Measurement Level
+
+By default, @code{CTABLES} uses a variable's measurement level to
+decide whether to treat it as categorical or scalar. Variables
+assigned the nominal or ordinal measurement level are treated as
+categorical, and scalar variables are treated as scalar.
+
+Use the @code{VARIABLE LEVEL} command to change a variable's
+measurement level (@pxref{VARIABLE LEVEL}). To treat a variable as
+categorical or scalar only for one use on @code{CTABLES}, add
+@samp{[C]} or @samp{[S]}, respectively, after the variable name. The
+following example shows how to analyze the scalar variable @code{qn20}
+as categorical:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE qn20 [C] BY qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables9}
+
+@ignore
+@node CTABLES Multiple Response Sets
+@subsubheading Multiple Response Sets
+
+The @code{CTABLES} command does not yet support multiple response
+sets.
+@end ignore
+
+@node CTABLES Data Summarization
+@subsection Data Summarization
+
+The @code{CTABLES} command allows the user to control how the data are
+summarized with summary specifications, which are enclosed in square
+brackets following a variable name on the @code{TABLE} subcommand.
+When all the variables are categorical, summary specifications can be
+given for the innermost nested variables on any one axis. When a
+scalar variable is present, only the scalar variable may have summary
+specifications. The following example includes a summary
+specification for column and row percentages for categorical
+variables, and mean and median for a scalar variable:
+
+@example
+CTABLES
+ /TABLE=qnd1 [MEAN, MEDIAN] BY qns3a
+ /TABLE=AgeGroup [COLPCT, ROWPCT] BY qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables10}
+
+A summary specification may override the default label and format by
+appending a string or format specification or both (in that order) to
+the summary function name. For example:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE=AgeGroup [COLPCT 'Gender %' PCT5.0,
+ ROWPCT 'Age Group %' PCT5.0]
+ BY qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables11}
+
+Parentheses provide a shorthand to apply summary specifications to
+multiple variables. For example, both of these commands:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE=AgeGroup[COLPCT] + qns1[COLPCT] BY qns3a.
+CTABLES /TABLE=(AgeGroup + qns1)[COLPCT] BY qns3a.
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+produce the same output shown below:
+
+@psppoutput {ctables12}
+
+The following section lists the available summary functions.
+
+@menu
+* CTABLES Summary Functions::
+@end menu
+
+@node CTABLES Summary Functions
+@subsubsection Summary Functions
+
+This section lists the summary functions that can be applied to cells
+in @code{CTABLES}. Many of these functions have an @var{area} in
+their names. The supported areas are:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Areas that correspond to parts of @dfn{subtables}, whose contents are
+the cells that pair an innermost row variable and an innermost column
+variable:
+
+@table @code
+@item ROW
+A row within a subtable.
+
+@item COL
+A column within a subtable.
+
+@item SUBTABLE
+All the cells in a subtable
+@end table
+
+@item
+Areas that correspond to parts of @dfn{sections}, where stacked
+variables divide each section from another:
+
+@table @code
+@item TABLE
+An entire section.
+
+@item LAYER
+A layer within a section.
+
+@item LAYERROW
+A row in one layer within a section.
+
+@item LAYERCOL
+A column in one layer within a section.
+@end table
+@end itemize
+
+The following summary functions may be applied to any variable
+regardless of whether it is categorical or scalar. The default label
+for each function is listed in parentheses:
+
+@table @asis
+@item @code{COUNT} (``Count'')
+The sum of weights in a cell.
+
+@item @code{@i{area}PCT} or @code{@i{area}PCT.COUNT} (``@i{Area} %'')
+A percentage within the specified @var{area}.
+
+@item @code{@i{area}PCT.VALIDN} (``@i{Area} Valid N %'')
+A percentage of valid values within the specified @var{area}.
+
+@item @code{@i{area}PCT.TOTALN} (``@i{Area} Total N %'')
+A percentage of total values within the specified @var{area}.
+@end table
+
+The following summary functions apply only to scalar variables:
+
+@table @asis
+@item @code{MAXIMUM} (``Maximum'')
+The largest value.
+
+@item @code{MEAN} (``Mean'')
+The mean.
+
+@item @code{MEDIAN} (``Median'')
+The median value.
+
+@item @code{MINIMUM} (``Minimum'')
+The smallest value.
+
+@item @code{MISSING} (``Missing'')
+Sum of weights of user- and system-missing values.
+
+@item @code{MODE} (``Mode'')
+The highest-frequency value. Ties are broken by taking the smallest mode.
+
+@item @code{@i{area}PCT.SUM} (``@i{Area} Sum %'')
+Percentage of the sum of the values across @var{area}.
+
+@item @code{PTILE} @i{n} (``Percentile @i{n}'')
+The @var{n}th percentile, where @math{0 @leq{} @var{n} @leq{} 100}.
+
+@item @code{RANGE} (``Range'')
+The maximum minus the minimum.
+
+@item @code{SEMEAN} (``Std Error of Mean'')
+The standard error of the mean.
+
+@item @code{STDDEV} (``Std Deviation'')
+The standard deviation.
+
+@item @code{SUM} (``Sum'')
+The sum.
+
+@item @code{TOTALN} (``Total N'')
+The sum of total count weights.
+
+@item @code{VALIDN} (``Valid N'')
+The sum of valid count weights.
+
+@item @code{VARIANCE} (``Variance'')
+The variance.
+@end table
+
+If the @code{WEIGHT} subcommand specified an adjustment weight
+variable, then the following summary functions use its value instead
+of the dictionary weight variable. Otherwise, they are equivalent to
+the summary function without the @samp{E}-prefix:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+@code{ECOUNT} (``Adjusted Count'')
+
+@item
+@code{ETOTALN} (``Adjusted Total N'')
+
+@item
+@code{EVALIDN} (``Adjusted Valid N'')
+@end itemize
+
+The following summary functions with a @samp{U}-prefix are equivalent
+to the same ones without the prefix, except that they use unweighted
+counts:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+@code{UCOUNT} (``Unweighted Count'')
+
+@item
+@code{U@i{area}PCT} or @code{U@i{area}PCT.COUNT} (``Unweighted @i{Area} %'')
+
+@item
+@code{U@i{area}PCT.VALIDN} (``Unweighted @i{Area} Valid N %'')
+
+@item
+@code{U@i{area}PCT.TOTALN} (``Unweighted @i{Area} Total N %'')
+
+@item
+@code{UMEAN} (``Unweighted Mean'')
+
+@item
+@code{UMEDIAN} (``Unweighted Median'')
+
+@item
+@code{UMISSING} (``Unweighted Missing'')
+
+@item
+@code{UMODE} (``Unweight Mode'')
+
+@item
+@code{U@i{area}PCT.SUM} (``Unweighted @i{Area} Sum %'')
+
+@item
+@code{UPTILE} @i{n} (``Unweighted Percentile @i{n}'')
+
+@item
+@code{USEMEAN} (``Unweighted Std Error of Mean'')
+
+@item
+@code{USTDDEV} (``Unweighted Std Deviation'')
+
+@item
+@code{USUM} (``Unweighted Sum'')
+
+@item
+@code{UTOTALN} (``Unweighted Total N'')
+
+@item
+@code{UVALIDN} (``Unweighted Valid N'')
+
+@item
+@code{UVARIANCE} (``Unweighted Variance'')
+@end itemize
+
+@node CTABLES Statistics Positions and Labels
+@subsection Statistics Positions and Labels
+
+@display
+@t{/SLABELS}
+ [@t{POSITION=}@{@t{COLUMN} @math{|} @t{ROW} @math{|} @t{LAYER}@}]
+ [@t{VISIBLE=}@{@t{YES} @math{|} @t{NO}@}]
+@end display
+
+The @code{SLABELS} subcommand controls the position and visibility of
+summary statistics for the @code{TABLE} subcommand that it follows.
+
+@code{POSITION} sets the axis on which summary statistics appear.
+With @t{POSITION=COLUMN}, which is the default, each summary statistic
+appears in a column. For example:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE=qnd1 [MEAN, MEDIAN] BY qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables13}
+
+@noindent
+With @t{POSITION=ROW}, each summary statistic appears in a row, as
+shown below:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE=qnd1 [MEAN, MEDIAN] BY qns3a /SLABELS POSITION=ROW.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables14}
+
+@noindent
+@t{POSITION=LAYER} is also available to place each summary statistic in
+a separate layer.
+
+Labels for summary statistics are shown by default. Use
+@t{VISIBLE=NO} to suppress them. Because unlabeled data can cause
+confusion, it should only be considered if the meaning of the data is
+evident, as in a simple case like this:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE=AgeGroup [TABLEPCT] /SLABELS VISIBLE=NO.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables15}
+
+@node CTABLES Category Label Positions
+@subsection Category Label Positions
+
+@display
+@t{/CLABELS} @{@t{AUTO} @math{|} @{@t{ROWLABELS}@math{|}@t{COLLABELS}@}@t{=}@{@t{OPPOSITE}@math{|}@t{LAYER}@}@}
+@end display
+
+The @code{CLABELS} subcommand controls the position of category labels
+for the @code{TABLE} subcommand that it follows. By default, or if
+@t{AUTO} is specified, category labels for a given variable nest
+inside the variable's label on the same axis. For example, the
+command below results in age categories nesting within the age group
+variable on the rows axis and gender categories within the gender
+variable on the columns axis:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE AgeGroup BY qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables16}
+
+@t{ROWLABELS=OPPOSITE} or @t{COLLABELS=OPPOSITE} move row or column
+variable category labels, respectively, to the opposite axis. The
+setting affects only the innermost variable on the given axis. For
+example:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE AgeGroup BY qns3a /CLABELS ROWLABELS=OPPOSITE.
+CTABLES /TABLE AgeGroup BY qns3a /CLABELS COLLABELS=OPPOSITE.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables17}
+
+@t{ROWLABELS=LAYER} or @t{COLLABELS=LAYER} move the innermost row or
+column variable category labels, respectively, to the layer axis.
+
+Only one axis's labels may be moved, whether to the opposite axis or
+to the layer axis.
+
+@node CTABLES Per-Variable Category Options
+@subsection Per-Variable Category Options
+
+@display
+@t{/CATEGORIES} @t{VARIABLES=}@i{variables}
+ @{@t{[}@i{value}@t{,} @i{value}@dots{}@t{]}
+ @math{|} [@t{ORDER=}@{@t{A} @math{|} @t{D}@}]
+ [@t{KEY=}@{@t{VALUE} @math{|} @t{LABEL} @math{|} @i{summary}@t{(}@i{variable}@t{)}@}]
+ [@t{MISSING=}@{@t{EXCLUDE} @math{|} @t{INCLUDE}@}]@}
+ [@t{TOTAL=}@{@t{NO} @math{|} @t{YES}@} [@t{LABEL=}@i{string}] [@t{POSITION=}@{@t{AFTER} @math{|} @t{BEFORE}@}]]
+ [@t{EMPTY=}@{@t{INCLUDE} @math{|} @t{EXCLUDE}@}]
+@end display
+
+The @code{CATEGORIES} subcommand specifies, for one or more
+categorical variables, the categories to include and exclude, the sort
+order for included categories, and treatment of missing values. It
+also controls the totals and subtotals to display. It may be
+specified any number of times, each time for a different set of
+variables. @code{CATEGORIES} applies to the table produced by the
+@code{TABLE} subcommand that it follows.
+
+@code{CATEGORIES} does not apply to scalar variables.
+
+@t{VARIABLES} is required. List the variables for the subcommand
+to affect.
+
+There are two way to specify the Categories to include and their sort
+order:
+
+@table @asis
+@item Explicit categories.
+@anchor{CTABLE Explicit Category List}
+To explicitly specify categories to include, list the categories
+within square brackets in the desired sort order. Use spaces or
+commas to separate values. Categories not covered by the list are
+excluded from analysis.
+
+Each element of the list takes one of the following forms:
+
+@table @t
+@item @i{number}
+@itemx '@i{string}'
+A numeric or string category value, for variables that have the
+corresponding type.
+
+@item '@i{date}'
+@itemx '@i{time}'
+A date or time category value, for variables that have a date or time
+print format.
+
+@item @i{min} THRU @i{max}
+@itemx LO THRU @i{max}
+@itemx @i{min} THRU HI
+A range of category values, where @var{min} and @var{max} each takes
+one of the forms above, in increasing order.
+
+@item MISSING
+All user-missing values. (To match individual user-missing values,
+specify their category values.)
+
+@item OTHERNM
+Any non-missing value not covered by any other element of the list
+(regardless of where @t{OTHERNM} is placed in the list).
+
+@item &@i{pcompute}
+A computed category name (@pxref{CTABLES Computed Categories}).
+@end table
+
+Additional forms, described later, allow for subtotals.
+If multiple elements of the list cover a given category, the last one
+in the list is considered to be a match.
+
+@item Implicit categories.
+Without an explicit list of categories, @pspp{} sorts
+categories automatically.
+
+The @code{KEY} setting specifies the sort key. By default, or with
+@code{KEY=VALUE}, categories are sorted by default. Categories may
+also be sorted by value label, with @code{KEY=LABEL}, or by the value
+of a summary function, e.g.@: @code{KEY=COUNT}. For summary
+functions, a variable name may be specified in parentheses, e.g.@:
+@code{KEY=MAXIUM(qnd1)}, and this is required for functions that apply
+only to scalar variables. The @code{PTILE} function also requires a
+percentage argument, e.g.@: @code{KEY=PTILE(qnd1, 90)}. Only summary
+functions used in the table may be used, except that @code{COUNT} is
+always allowed.
+
+By default, or with @code{ORDER=A}, categories are sorted in ascending
+order. Specify @code{ORDER=D} to sort in descending order.
+
+User-missing values are excluded by default, or with
+@code{MISSING=EXCLUDE}. Specify @code{MISSING=INCLUDE} to include
+user-missing values. The system-missing value is always excluded.
+@end table
+
+@subsubheading Totals and Subtotals
+
+@code{CATEGORIES} also controls display of totals and subtotals.
+Totals are not displayed by default, or with @code{TOTAL=NO}. Specify
+@code{TOTAL=YES} to display a total. By default, the total is labeled
+``Total''; use @code{LABEL="@i{label}"} to override it.
+
+Subtotals are also not displayed by default. To add one or more
+subtotals, use an explicit category list and insert @code{SUBTOTAL} or
+@code{HSUBTOTAL} in the position or positions where the subtotal
+should appear. With @code{SUBTOTAL}, the subtotal becomes an extra
+row or column or layer; @code{HSUBTOTAL} additionally hides the
+categories that make up the subtotal. Either way, the default label
+is ``Subtotal'', use @code{SUBTOTAL="@i{label}"} or
+@code{HSUBTOTAL="@i{label}"} to specify a custom label.
+
+By default, or with @code{POSITION=AFTER}, totals come after the last
+category and subtotals apply to categories that precede them. With
+@code{POSITION=BEFORE}, totals come before the first category and
+subtotals apply to categories that follow them.
+
+Only categorical variables may have totals and subtotals. Scalar
+variables may be ``totaled'' indirectly by enabling totals and
+subtotals on a categorical variable within which the scalar variable is
+summarized.
+
+@subsubheading Categories Without Values
+
+Some categories might not be included in the data set being analyzed.
+For example, our example data set has no cases in the ``15 or
+younger'' age group. By default, or with @code{EMPTY=INCLUDE},
+@pspp{} includes these empty categories in output tables. To exclude
+them, specify @code{EMPTY=EXCLUDE}.
+
+For implicit categories, empty categories potentially include all the
+values with labels for a given variable; for explicit categories, they
+include all the values listed individually and all labeled values
+covered by ranges or @code{MISSING} or @code{OTHERNM}.
+
+@node CTABLES Titles
+@subsection Titles
+
+@display
+@t{/TITLES}
+ [@t{TITLE=}@i{string}@dots{}]
+ [@t{CAPTION=}@i{string}@dots{}]
+ [@t{CORNER=}@i{string}@dots{}]
+@end display
+
+The @code{TITLES} subcommand sets the title, caption, and corner text
+for the table output for the previous @code{TABLE} subcommand. The
+title appears above the table, the caption below the table, and the
+corner text appears in the table's upper left corner. By default, the
+title is ``Custom Tables'' and the caption and corner text are empty.
+
+@node CTABLES Table Formatting
+@subsection Table Formatting
+
+@display
+@t{/FORMAT}
+ [@t{MINCOLWIDTH=}@{@t{DEFAULT} @math{|} @i{width}@}]
+ [@t{MAXCOLWIDTH=}@{@t{DEFAULT} @math{|} @i{width}@}]
+ [@t{UNITS=}@{@t{POINTS} @math{|} @t{INCHES} @math{|} @t{CM}@}]
+ [@t{EMPTY=}@{@t{ZERO} @math{|} @t{BLANK} @math{|} @i{string}@}]
+ [@t{MISSING=}@i{string}]
+@end display
+
+The @code{FORMAT} subcommand, which must precede the first
+@code{TABLE} subcommand, controls formatting for all the output
+tables. @code{FORMAT} and all of its settings are optional.
+
+Use @code{MINCOLWIDTH} and @code{MAXCOLWIDTH} to control the minimum
+or maximum width of columns in output tables. By default, or with
+@code{DEFAULT}, column width varies based on content. Otherwise,
+specify a number for either or both of these settings. If both are
+specified, @code{MAXCOLWIDTH} must be bigger than @code{MINCOLWIDTH}.
+The default unit, or with @code{UNITS=POINTS}, is points (1/72 inch),
+but specify @code{UNITS=INCHES} to use inches or @code{UNITS=CM} for
+centimeters.
+
+By default, or with @code{EMPTY=ZERO}, zero values are displayed in
+their usual format. Use @code{EMPTY=BLANK} to use an empty cell
+instead, or @code{EMPTY="@i{string}"} to use the specified string.
+
+By default, missing values are displayed as @samp{.}, the same as in
+other tables. Specify @code{MISSING="@i{string}"} to instead use a
+custom string.
+
+@node CTABLES Display of Variable Labels
+@subsection Display of Variable Labels
+
+@display
+@t{/VLABELS}
+ @t{VARIABLES=}@i{variables}
+ @t{DISPLAY}=@{@t{DEFAULT} @math{|} @t{NAME} @math{|} @t{LABEL} @math{|} @t{BOTH} @math{|} @t{NONE}@}
+@end display
+
+The @code{VLABELS} subcommand, which must precede the first
+@code{TABLE} subcommand, controls display of variable labels in all
+the output tables. @code{VLABELS} is optional. It may appear
+multiple times to adjust settings for different variables.
+
+@code{VARIABLES} and @code{DISPLAY} are required. The value of
+@code{DISPLAY} controls how variable labels are displayed for the
+variables listed on @code{VARIABLES}. The supported values are:
+
+@table @code
+@item DEFAULT
+Uses the setting from @ref{SET TVARS}.
+
+@item NAME
+Show only a variable name.
+
+@item LABEL
+Show only a variable label.
+
+@item BOTH
+Show variable name and label.
+
+@item NONE
+Show nothing.
+@end table
+
+@node CTABLES Missing Value Treatment
+@subsection Missing Value Treatment
+
+@display
+@t{/SMISSING} @{@t{VARIABLE} @math{|} @t{LISTWISE}@}
+@end display
+
+The @code{SMISSING} subcommand, which must precede the first
+@code{TABLE} subcommand, controls treatment of missing values for
+scalar variables in producing all the output tables. @code{SMISSING}
+is optional.
+
+With @code{SMISSING=VARIABLE}, which is the default, missing values
+are excluded on a variable-by-variable basis. With
+@code{SMISSING=LISTWISE}, when scalar variables are stacked, a missing
+value for any of the scalar variables causes the case to be excluded
+for all of them.
+
+@node CTABLES Computed Categories
+@subsection Computed Categories
+
+@display
+@t{/PCOMPUTE} @t{&}@i{category}@t{=EXPR(}@i{expression}@t{)}
+@t{/PPROPERTIES} @t{&}@i{category}@dots{}
+ [@t{LABEL=}@i{string}]
+ [@t{FORMAT=}[@i{summary} @i{format}]@dots{}]
+ [@t{HIDESOURCECATS=}@{@t{NO} @math{|} @t{YES}@}
+@end display
+
+@dfn{Computed categories}, also called @dfn{postcomputes}, are
+categories created using arithmetic on categories obtained from the
+data. The @code{PCOMPUTE} subcommand defines computed categories,
+which can then be used in two places: on @code{CATEGORIES} within an
+explicit category list (@pxref{CTABLE Explicit Category List}), and on
+the @code{PPROPERTIES} subcommand to define further properties for a
+given postcompute.
+
+@code{PCOMPUTE} must precede the first @code{TABLE} command. It is
+optional and it may be used multiple times to define multiple
+postcomputes.
+
@node FACTOR
@section FACTOR
There is only one test variable, @i{viz:} @exvar{sex}. The other variables in the dataset
are ignored.
+@float Screenshot, chisquare:scr
+@psppimage {chisquare}
+@caption {Performing a chi-square test using the graphic user interface}
+@end float
+
In @ref{chisquare:res} the summary box shows that in the sample, there are more males
than females. However the significance of chi-square result is greater than 0.05
--- the most commonly accepted p-value --- and therefore
The data to be compared are specified by @var{var_list}.
The categorical variable determining the groups to which the
data belongs is given by @var{var}. The limits @var{lower} and
-@var{upper} specify the valid range of @var{var}. Any cases for
-which @var{var} falls outside [@var{lower}, @var{upper}] are
-ignored.
+@var{upper} specify the valid range of @var{var}.
+If @var{upper} is smaller than @var{lower}, the PSPP will assume their values
+to be reversed. Any cases for which @var{var} falls outside
+[@var{lower}, @var{upper}] are ignored.
The mean rank of each group as well as the chi-squared value and
significance of the test are printed.
@caption {Running a one sample T-Test after excluding all non-positive values}
@end float
+@float Screenshot, one-sample-t:scr
+@psppimage {one-sample-t}
+@caption {Using the One Sample T-Test dialog box to test @exvar{weight} for a mean of 76.8kg}
+@end float
+
+
@ref{one-sample-t:res} shows that the mean of our sample differs from the test value
by -1.40kg. However the significance is very high (0.610). So one cannot
reject the null hypothesis, and must conclude there is not enough evidence
The null hypothesis is that both males and females are on average
of equal height.
+@float Screenshot, independent-samples-t:scr
+@psppimage {independent-samples-t}
+@caption {Using the Independent Sample T-test dialog, to test for differences of @exvar{height} between values of @exvar{sex}}
+@end float
+
+
In this case, the grouping variable is @exvar{sex}, so this is entered
as the variable for the @subcmd{GROUP} subcommand. The group values are 0 (male) and
1 (female).
If you are running the proceedure using syntax, then you need to enter
the values corresponding to each group within parentheses.
-
+If you are using the graphic user interface, then you have to open
+the ``Define Groups'' dialog box and enter the values corresponding
+to each group as shown in @ref{define-groups-t:scr}. If, as in this case, the dataset has defined value
+labels for the group variable, then you can enter them by label
+or by value.
+
+@float Screenshot, define-groups-t:scr
+@psppimage {define-groups-t}
+@caption {Setting the values of the grouping variable for an Independent Samples T-test}
+@end float
From @ref{independent-samples-t:res}, one can clearly see that the @emph{sample} mean height
is greater for males than for females. However in order to see if this
In this case, all variables in the data set are used. So we can use the special
keyword @samp{ALL} (@pxref{BNF}).
+@float Screenshot, reliability:src
+@psppimage {reliability}
+@caption {Reliability dialog box with all variables selected}
+@end float
+
@ref{reliability:res} shows that Cronbach's Alpha is 0.11 which is a value normally considered too
low to indicate consistency within the data. This is possibly due to the small number of
survey questions. The survey should be redesigned before serious use of the results are
projects / pspp / blobdiff