Formfeed (ASCII 12).
@item \n
-Newline (ASCII 10)
+New-line (ASCII 10)
@item \r
Carriage return (ASCII 13).
@item line-ends=@var{line-end-type}
One of @code{cr}, @code{lf}, or @code{crlf}. This controls what is used
-for newline in the output file. Default: @code{cr}.
+for new-line in the output file. Default: @code{cr}.
@item optimize-line-size=@var{level}
@code{paginate}, described below, for a related setting. Default:
@code{"\f"}.
-@item newline-string=@var{newline-value}
+@item newline-string=@var{new-line-value}
-The string written to the output to cause a newline (carriage return
+The string written to the output to cause a new-line (carriage return
plus linefeed). The default, which can be specified explicitly with
-@code{newline-string=default}, is to use the system-dependent newline
+@code{newline-string=default}, is to use the system-dependent new-line
sequence by opening the output file in text mode. This is usually the
right choice.
current run. The configuration options are:
@table @code
+@item -a @{compatible|enhanced@}
+@itemx --algorithm=@{compatible|enhanced@}
+
+If you chose @code{compatible}, then PSPP will use the same algorithms
+as used by some proprietary statistical analysis packages.
+This is not recommended, as these algorithms are inferior and in some cases
+compeletely broken.
+The default setting is @code{enhanced}.
+Certain commands have subcommands which allow you to override this setting on
+a per command basis.
+
@item -B @var{dir}
@itemx --config-dir=@var{dir}
Lists the available device driver classes, then terminates.
+@item -x @{compatible|enhanced@}
+@itemx --syntax=@{compatible|enhanced@}
+
+If you chose @code{compatible}, then PSPP will only accept command syntax that
+is compatible with the proprietary program SPSS.
+If you choose @code{enhanced} then additional syntax will be available.
+The default is @code{enhanced}.
+
+
@item -V
@item --version
full-fledged expressions in themselves.
@menu
-* Boolean Values:: Boolean values.
+* Boolean Values:: Boolean values.
* Missing Values in Expressions:: Using missing values in expressions.
-* Grouping Operators:: ( )
-* Arithmetic Operators:: + - * / **
-* Logical Operators:: AND NOT OR
-* Relational Operators:: EQ GE GT LE LT NE
-* Functions:: More-sophisticated operators.
-* Order of Operations:: Operator precedence.
+* Grouping Operators:: parentheses
+* Arithmetic Operators:: add sub mul div pow
+* Logical Operators:: AND NOT OR
+* Relational Operators:: EQ GE GT LE LT NE
+* Functions:: More-sophisticated operators.
+* Order of Operations:: Operator precedence.
@end menu
@node Boolean Values, Missing Values in Expressions, Expressions, Expressions
@display
DATA LIST FREE
+ [(@{TAB,'c'@}, @dots{})]
[@{NOTABLE,TABLE@}]
FILE='filename'
END=end_var
var_list *
@end display
-In free format, the input data is structured as a series of comma- or
-whitespace-delimited fields (end of line is one form of whitespace; it
-is not treated specially). Field contents may be surrounded by matched
-pairs of apostrophes (@samp{'}) or quotes (@samp{"}), or they may be
-unenclosed. For any type of field leading white space (up to the
-apostrophe or quote, if any) is not included in the field.
-
-Multiple consecutive delimiters are equivalent to a single delimiter.
-To specify an empty field, write an empty set of single or double
-quotes; for instance, @samp{""}.
+In free format, the input data is, by default, structured as a series
+of fields separated by spaces, tabs, commas, or line breaks. Each
+field's content may be unquoted, or it may be quoted with a pairs of
+apostrophes (@samp{'}) or double quotes (@samp{"}). Unquoted white
+space separates fields but is not part of any field. Any mix of
+spaces, tabs, and line breaks is equivalent to a single space for the
+purpose of separating fields, but consecutive commas will skip a
+field.
+
+Alternatively, delimiters can be specified explicitly, as a
+parenthesized, comma-separated list of single-character strings
+immediately following FREE. The word TAB may also be used to specify
+a tab character as a delimiter. When delimiters are specified
+explicitly, only the given characters, plus line breaks, separate
+fields. Furthermore, leading spaces at the beginnings of fields are
+not trimmed, consecutive delimiters define empty fields, and no form
+of quoting is allowed.
The NOTABLE and TABLE subcommands are as in @cmd{DATA LIST FIXED} above.
NOTABLE is the default.
@display
DATA LIST LIST
+ [(@{TAB,'c'@}, @dots{})]
[@{NOTABLE,TABLE@}]
FILE='filename'
END=end_var
@display
FILE HANDLE handle_name
/NAME='filename'
- /RECFORM=@{VARIABLE,FIXED,SPANNED@}
+ /MODE=@{CHARACTER,IMAGE@}
/LRECL=rec_len
- /MODE=@{CHARACTER,IMAGE,BINARY,MULTIPUNCH,360@}
+ /TABWIDTH=tab_width
@end display
-Use @cmd{FILE HANDLE} to define the attributes of a file that does
-not use conventional variable-length records terminated by newline
-characters.
+Use @cmd{FILE HANDLE} to associate a file handle name with a file and
+its attributes, so that later commands can refer to the file by its
+handle name. Because names of text files can be specified directly on
+commands that access files, @cmd{FILE HANDLE} is only needed when a
+file is not an ordinary file containing lines of text. However,
+@cmd{FILE HANDLE} may be used even for text files, and it may be
+easier to specify a file's name once and later refer to it by an
+abstract handle.
Specify the file handle name as an identifier. Any given identifier may
only appear once in a PSPP run. File handles may not be reassigned to a
The NAME subcommand specifies the name of the file associated with the
handle. It is the only required subcommand.
-The RECFORM subcommand specifies how the file is laid out. VARIABLE
-specifies variable-length lines terminated with newlines, and it is the
-default. FIXED specifies fixed-length records. SPANNED is not
-supported.
+MODE specifies a file mode. In CHARACTER mode, the default, the data
+file is opened in ANSI C text mode, so that local end of line
+conventions are followed, and each text line is read as one record.
+In CHARACTER mode, most input programs will expand tabs to spaces
+(@cmd{DATA LIST FREE} with explicitly specified delimiters is an
+exception). By default, each tab is 4 characters wide, but an
+alternate width may be specified on TABWIDTH. A tab width of 0
+suppresses tab expansion entirely.
-LRECL specifies the length of fixed-length records. It is required if
-@code{/RECFORM FIXED} is specified.
-
-MODE specifies a file mode. CHARACTER, the default, causes the data
-file to be opened in ANSI C text mode. BINARY causes the data file to
-be opened in ANSI C binary mode. The other possibilities are not
-supported.
+By contrast, in BINARY mode, the data file is opened in ANSI C binary
+mode and records are a fixed length. In BINARY mode, LRECL specifies
+the record length in bytes, with a default of 1024. Tab characters
+are never expanded to spaces in binary mode.
@node INPUT PROGRAM, LIST, FILE HANDLE, Data Input and Output
@section INPUT PROGRAM
The aggregation functions listed above exclude all user-missing values
from calculations. To include user-missing values, insert a period
(@samp{.}) between the function name and left parenthesis
-(e.g.~@samp{SUM.}).
+(e.g.@: @samp{SUM.}).
Normally, only a single case (for SD and SD., two cases) need be
non-missing in each group for the aggregate variable to be
* DESCRIPTIVES:: Descriptive statistics.
* FREQUENCIES:: Frequency tables.
* CROSSTABS:: Crosstabulation tables.
-* T-TEST:: Test Hypotheses about means.
+* T-TEST:: Test hypotheses about means.
+* ONEWAY:: One analysis of variance.
@end menu
@node DESCRIPTIVES, FREQUENCIES, Statistics, Statistics
value is reported.) By default, the mean, standard deviation of the
mean, minimum, and maximum are reported for each variable.
-NTILES causes the specified quartiles to be reported. For instance,
-@code{/NTILES=4} would cause quartiles to be reported. In addition,
-particular percentiles can be requested with the PERCENTILES subcommand.
+PERCENTILES causes the specified percentiles to be reported.
+The percentiles should be presented at a list of numbers between 0
+and 100 inclusive.
+The NTILES subcommand causes the percentiles to be reported at the
+boundaries of the data set divided into the specified number of ranges.
+For instance, @code{/NTILES=4} would cause quartiles to be reported.
+
@node CROSSTABS, T-TEST, FREQUENCIES, Statistics
@section CROSSTABS
Fixes for any of these deficiencies would be welcomed.
-@node T-TEST, , CROSSTABS, Statistics
+@node T-TEST, ONEWAY, CROSSTABS, Statistics
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@section T-TEST
@menu
-* One Sample Mode:: Testing against a hypothesised mean
-* Independent Samples Mode:: Testing two independent groups for the same mean
-* Paired Samples Mode:: Testing two interdependet groups for the same mean
+* One Sample Mode:: Testing against a hypothesised mean
+* Independent Samples Mode:: Testing two independent groups for equal mean
+* Paired Samples Mode:: Testing two interdependent groups for equal mean
@end menu
@node One Sample Mode, Independent Samples Mode, T-TEST, T-TEST
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-
@subsection One Sample Mode
The @cmd{TESTVAL} subcommand invokes the One Sample mode.
of whether @cmd{/MISSING=LISTWISE} was specified.
-@node Paired Samples Mode, , Independent Samples Mode, T-TEST
+@node Paired Samples Mode, , Independent Samples Mode, T-TEST
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@subsection Paired Samples Mode
@code{WITH} are generated.
+@node ONEWAY, , T-TEST, Statistics
+@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@section Oneway
+
+@vindex ONEWAY
+@cindex analysis of variance
+@cindex ANOVA
+
+@display
+ONEWAY
+ [/VARIABLES = ] var_list BY var
+ /MISSING=@{ANALYSIS,LISTWISE@} @{EXCLUDE,INCLUDE@}
+ /CONTRASTS= value1 [, value2] ... [,valueN]
+ /STATISTICS=@{DESCRIPTIVES,HOMOGENEITY@}
+
+@end display
+
+The @cmd{ONEWAY} procedure performs a one-way analysis of variance of
+variables factored by a single independent variable.
+It is used to compare the means of a population
+divided into more than two groups.
+
+The variables to be analysed should be given in the @code{VARIABLES}
+subcommand.
+The list of variables must be followed by the @code{BY} keyword and
+the name of the independent (or factor) variable.
+
+You can use the @code{STATISTICS} subcommand to tell PSPP to display
+ancilliary information. The options accepted are:
+@itemize
+@item DESCRIPTIVES
+Displays descriptive statistics about the groups factored by the independent
+variable.
+@item HOMOGENEITY
+Displays the Levene test of Homogeneity of Variance for the
+variables and their groups.
+@end itemize
+
+The @code{CONTRASTS} subcommand is used when you anticipate certain
+differences between the groups.
+The subcommand must be followed by a list of numerals which are the
+coefficients of the groups to be tested.
+The number of coefficients must correspond to the number of distinct
+groups (or values of the independent variable).
+If the total sum of the coefficients are not zero, then PSPP will
+display a warning, but will proceed with the analysis.
+The @code{CONTRASTS} subcommand may be given up to 10 times in order
+to specify different contrast tests.
+
+
+
@node Utilities, Not Implemented, Statistics, Top
@chapter Utilities
@table @code
@item int32 rec_type;
-Record type. Always set to 3.
+Record type. Always set to 7.
@item int32 subtype;
Record subtype. Always set to 4.
@table @code
@item int32 rec_type;
-Record type. Always set to 3.
+Record type. Always set to 7.
@item int32 subtype;
-Record subtype. May take any value.
+Record subtype. May take any value. According to Aapi
+H@"am@"al@"ainen, value 5 indicates a set of grouped variables and 6
+indicates date info (probably related to USE).
@item int32 size;
Size of each piece of data in the data part. Should have the value 4 or
* Version and Date Info Record::
* Identification Records::
* Variable Count Record::
+* Case Weight Variable Record::
* Variable Records::
* Value Label Records::
* Portable File Data::
Portable files are arranged as a series of lines of exactly 80
characters each. Each line is terminated by a carriage-return,
-line-feed sequence (henceforth, ``newline''). Newlines are not
-delimiters: they are only used to avoid line-length limitations existing
-on some operating systems.
+line-feed sequence ``new-lines''). New-lines are only used to avoid
+line length limits imposed by some OSes; they are not meaningful.
The file must be terminated with a @samp{Z} character. In addition, if
the final line in the file does not have exactly 80 characters, then it
character set, as explained in the next section. Therefore, the
@samp{Z} character is not necessarily an ASCII @samp{Z}.)
-For the rest of the description of the portable file format, newlines
+For the rest of the description of the portable file format, new-lines
and the trailing @samp{Z}s will be ignored, as if they did not exist,
because they are not an important part of understanding the file
contents.
@item
Variable count.
+@item
+Case weight variable (optional).
+
@item
Variables. Each variable record may optionally be followed by a
missing value record and a variable label record.
through @samp{9} plus capital letters @samp{A} through @samp{T}.
@item
-A fraction, consisting of a radix point (@samp{.}) followed by one or
-more base-30 digits (optional).
+Optional fraction, consisting of a radix point (@samp{.}) followed by
+one or more base-30 digits.
@item
-An exponent, consisting of a plus or minus sign (@samp{+} or @samp{-})
-followed by one or more base-30 digits (optional).
+Optional exponent, consisting of a plus or minus sign (@samp{+} or
+@samp{-}) followed by one or more base-30 digits.
@item
A forward slash (@samp{/}).
@end itemize
-Integer fields take form identical to floating-point fields, but they
+Integer fields take a form identical to floating-point fields, but they
may not contain a fraction.
String fields take the form of a integer field having value @var{n},
character set translation table, followed by an 8-byte tag string.
The 200-byte segment is divided into five 40-byte sections, each of
-which represents the string @code{ASCII SPSS PORT FILE} in a different
-character set encoding. (If the file is encoded in EBCDIC then the
-string is actually @code{EBCDIC SPSS PORT FILE}, and so on.) These
-strings are padded on the right with spaces in their own character set.
+which represents the string @code{@var{charset} SPSS PORT FILE} in a
+different character set encoding, where @var{charset} is the name of
+the character set used in the file, e.g.@: @code{ASCII} or
+@code{EBCDIC}. Each string is padded on the right with spaces in its
+respective character set.
It appears that these strings exist only to inform those who might view
the file on a screen, and that they are not parsed by SPSS products.
consists of a single string field giving additional information on the
product that wrote the portable file.
-@node Variable Count Record, Variable Records, Identification Records, Portable File Format
+@node Variable Count Record, Case Weight Variable Record, Identification Records, Portable File Format
@section Variable Count Record
The variable count record has tag code @samp{4}. It consists of two
dictionary. The purpose of the second is unknown; it contains the value
161 in all portable files examined so far.
-@node Variable Records, Value Label Records, Variable Count Record, Portable File Format
+@node Case Weight Variable Record, Variable Records, Variable Count Record, Portable File Format
+@section Case Weight Variable Record
+
+The case weight variable record is optional. If it is present, it
+indicates the variable used for weighting cases; if it is absent,
+cases are unweighted. It has tag code @samp{6}. It consists of a
+single string field that names the weighting variable.
+
+@node Variable Records, Value Label Records, Case Weight Variable Record, Portable File Format
@section Variable Records
Each variable record represents a single variable. Variable records
projects / pspp-builds.git / blobdiff