@vindex MATRIX
@vindex END MATRIX
-@node Matrix Overview
-@subsection Overview
-
@display
@t{MATRIX.}
@dots{}@i{matrix commands}@dots{}
The following basic matrix commands are supported:
@display
-@t{COMPUTE} @i{variable}[(@i{index}[,@i{index}])]=@i{expression}.
-@t{CALL} @i{procedure}(@i{argument}, @dots{}).
+@t{COMPUTE} @i{variable}[@t{(}@i{index}[@t{,}@i{index}]@t{)}]@t{=}@i{expression}@t{.}
+@t{CALL} @i{procedure}@t{(}@i{argument}@t{,} @dots{}).
@t{PRINT} [@i{expression}]
- [/@t{FORMAT}=@i{format}]
- [/@t{TITLE}=@i{title}]
- [/@t{SPACE}=@{@t{NEWPAGE} @math{|} @i{n}@}]
- [@{/@t{RLABELS}=@i{string}@dots{} @math{|} /@t{RNAMES}=@i{expression}@}]
- [@{/@t{CLABELS}=@i{string}@dots{} @math{|} /@t{CNAMES}=@i{expression}@}].
+ [@t{/FORMAT}@t{=}@i{format}]
+ [@t{/TITLE}@t{=}@i{title}]
+ [@t{/SPACE}@t{=}@{@t{NEWPAGE} @math{|} @i{n}@}]
+ [@{@t{/RLABELS}@t{=}@i{string}@dots{} @math{|} @t{/RNAMES}@t{=}@i{expression}@}]
+ [@{@t{/CLABELS}@t{=}@i{string}@dots{} @math{|} @t{/CNAMES}@t{=}@i{expression}@}]@t{.}
@end display
@noindent
The following matrix commands offer support for flow control:
@display
-@t{DO IF} @i{expression}.
+@t{DO IF} @i{expression}@t{.}
@dots{}@i{matrix commands}@dots{}
-[@t{ELSE IF} @i{expression}.
+[@t{ELSE IF} @i{expression}@t{.}
@dots{}@i{matrix commands}@dots{}]@dots{}
[@t{ELSE}
@dots{}@i{matrix commands}@dots{}]
-@t{END IF}.
+@t{END IF}@t{.}
-@t{LOOP} [@i{var}=@i{first} @t{TO} @i{last} [@t{BY} @i{step}]] [@t{IF} @i{expression}].
+@t{LOOP} [@i{var}@t{=}@i{first} @t{TO} @i{last} [@t{BY} @i{step}]] [@t{IF} @i{expression}]@t{.}
@dots{}@i{matrix commands}@dots{}
-@t{END LOOP} [@t{IF} @i{expression}].
+@t{END LOOP} [@t{IF} @i{expression}]@t{.}
-@t{BREAK}.
+@t{BREAK}@t{.}
@end display
@noindent
The following matrix commands support matrix input and output:
@display
-@t{READ} @i{variable}[(@i{index}[,@i{index}])]
- [/@t{FILE}=@i{file}]
- /@t{FIELD}=@i{first} @t{TO} @i{last} [@t{BY} @i{width}]
- [/@t{SIZE}=@i{expression}]
- [/@t{MODE}=@{@t{RECTANGULAR} @math{|} @t{SYMMETRIC}@}]
- [/@t{REREAD}]
- [/@t{FORMAT}=@i{format}].
+@t{READ} @i{variable}[@t{(}@i{index}[@t{,}@i{index}]@t{)}]
+ [@t{/FILE}@t{=}@i{file}]
+ @t{/FIELD}@t{=}@i{first} @t{TO} @i{last} [@t{BY} @i{width}]
+ [@t{/FORMAT}@t{=}@i{format}]
+ [@t{/SIZE}@t{=}@i{expression}]
+ [@t{/MODE}@t{=}@{@t{RECTANGULAR} @math{|} @t{SYMMETRIC}@}]
+ [@t{/REREAD}]@t{.}
@t{WRITE} @i{expression}
- [/@t{OUTFILE}=@i{file}]
- /@t{FIELD}=@i{first} @t{TO} @i{last} [@t{BY} @i{width}]
- [/@t{MODE}=@{@t{RECTANGULAR} @math{|} @t{TRIANGULAR}@}]
- [/@t{HOLD}]
- [/@t{FORMAT}=@i{format}].
-@t{GET} @i{variable}[(@i{index}[,@i{index}])]
- [/@t{FILE}=@{@i{file} @math{|} @t{*}@}]
- [/@t{VARIABLES}=@i{variable}@dots{}]
- [/@t{NAMES}=@i{expression}]
- [/@t{MISSING}=@{@t{ACCEPT} @math{|} @t{OMIT} @math{|} @i{number}@}]
- [/@t{SYSMIS}=@{@t{OMIT} @math{|} @i{number}@}].
+ [@t{/OUTFILE}@t{=}@i{file}]
+ @t{/FIELD}@t{=}@i{first} @t{TO} @i{last} [@t{BY} @i{width}]
+ [@t{/MODE}@t{=}@{@t{RECTANGULAR} @math{|} @t{TRIANGULAR}@}]
+ [@t{/HOLD}]
+ [@t{/FORMAT}@t{=}@i{format}]@t{.}
+@t{GET} @i{variable}[@t{(}@i{index}[@t{,}@i{index}]@t{)}]
+ [@t{/FILE}@t{=}@{@i{file} @math{|} @t{*}@}]
+ [@t{/VARIABLES}@t{=}@i{variable}@dots{}]
+ [@t{/NAMES}@t{=}@i{expression}]
+ [@t{/MISSING}@t{=}@{@t{ACCEPT} @math{|} @t{OMIT} @math{|} @i{number}@}]
+ [@t{/SYSMIS}@t{=}@{@t{OMIT} @math{|} @i{number}@}]@t{.}
@t{SAVE} @i{expression}
- [/@t{OUTFILE}=@{@i{file} @math{|} @t{*}@}]
- [/@t{VARIABLES}=@i{variable}@dots{}]
- [/@t{NAMES}=@i{expression}]
- [/@t{STRINGS}=@i{variable}@dots{}].
-@t{MGET} [/@t{FILE}=@i{file}]
- [/@t{TYPE}=@{@t{COV} @math{|} @t{CORR} @math{|} @t{MEAN} @math{|} @t{STDDEV} @math{|} @t{N} @math{|} @t{COUNT}@}].
+ [@t{/OUTFILE}@t{=}@{@i{file} @math{|} @t{*}@}]
+ [@t{/VARIABLES}@t{=}@i{variable}@dots{}]
+ [@t{/NAMES}@t{=}@i{expression}]
+ [@t{/STRINGS}@t{=}@i{variable}@dots{}]@t{.}
+@t{MGET} [@t{/FILE}@t{=}@i{file}]
+ [@t{/TYPE}@t{=}@{@t{COV} @math{|} @t{CORR} @math{|} @t{MEAN} @math{|} @t{STDDEV} @math{|} @t{N} @math{|} @t{COUNT}@}]@t{.}
@t{MSAVE} @i{expression}
- /@t{TYPE}=@{@t{COV} @math{|} @t{CORR} @math{|} @t{MEAN} @math{|} @t{STDDEV} @math{|} @t{N} @math{|} @t{COUNT}@}
- [/@t{OUTFILE}=@i{file}]
- [/@t{VARIABLES}=@i{variable}@dots{}]
- [/@t{SNAMES}=@i{variable}@dots{}]
- [/@t{SPLIT}=@i{expression}]
- [/@t{FNAMES}=@i{variable}@dots{}]
- [/@t{FACTOR}=@i{expression}].
+ @t{/TYPE}@t{=}@{@t{COV} @math{|} @t{CORR} @math{|} @t{MEAN} @math{|} @t{STDDEV} @math{|} @t{N} @math{|} @t{COUNT}@}
+ [@t{/OUTFILE}@t{=}@i{file}]
+ [@t{/VARIABLES}@t{=}@i{variable}@dots{}]
+ [@t{/SNAMES}@t{=}@i{variable}@dots{}]
+ [@t{/SPLIT}@t{=}@i{expression}]
+ [@t{/FNAMES}@t{=}@i{variable}@dots{}]
+ [@t{/FACTOR}@t{=}@i{expression}]@t{.}
@end display
@noindent
The following matrix commands provide additional support:
@display
-@t{DISPLAY} [@{@t{DICTIONARY} @math{|} @t{STATUS}@}].
-@t{RELEASE} @i{variable}@dots{}.
+@t{DISPLAY} [@{@t{DICTIONARY} @math{|} @t{STATUS}@}]@t{.}
+@t{RELEASE} @i{variable}@dots{}@t{.}
@end display
-@node Matrix Introduction
-@subsection Introduction
-
@code{MATRIX} and @code{END MATRIX} enclose a special @pspp{}
sub-language, called the matrix language. The matrix language does
not require an active dataset to be defined and only a few of the
The matrix language does not support missing values.
-@node Matrix Operators
-@subsection Matrix Operators
+@code{MATRIX} is a procedure, so it cannot be enclosed inside @code{DO
+IF}, @code{LOOP}, etc.
+
+Macros may be used within a matrix program, and macros may expand to
+include entire matrix programs. The @code{DEFINE} command may not
+appear within a matrix program. @xref{DEFINE}, for more information
+about macros.
+
+The following sections describe the details of the matrix language:
+first, the syntax of matrix expressions, then each of the supported
+commands. The @code{COMMENT} command (@pxref{COMMENT}) is also
+supported.
+
+@node Matrix Expressions
+@subsection Matrix Expressions
Many matrix commands use expressions. A matrix expression may use the
following operators, listed in descending order of operator
@xref{Matrix Functions}, for the available matrix functions. The
remaining operators are described in more detail below.
+@cindex restricted expressions
+Expressions appear in the matrix language in some contexts where there
+would be ambiguity whether @samp{/} is an operator or a separator
+between subcommands. In these contexts, only the operators with
+higher precedence than @samp{/} are allowed outside parentheses.
+Later sections call these @dfn{restricted expressions}.
+
@node Matrix Construction Operator
@subsubsection Matrix Construction Operator @t{@{@}}
@math{+\pi/2}, inclusive.
The value of @math{\pi} can be computed as @code{4*ARTAN(1)}.
+
+@t{ARSIN(@{-1, 0, 1@}) @result{} @{-1.57, 0, 1.57@}} (approximately)
+
+@t{ARTAN(@{-5, -1, 1, 5@}) @result{} @{-1.37, -.79, .79, 1.37@}} (approximately)
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} COS (@var{M})
@deffnx {Matrix Function} SIN (@var{M})
Computes the cosine or sine, respectively, of each element in @var{M},
which must be in radians.
+
+@t{COS(@{0.785, 1.57; 3.14, 1.57 + 3.14@}) @result{} @{.71, 0; -1, 0@}} (approximately)
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} EXP (@var{M})
Computes @math{e^x} for each element @var{x} in @var{M}.
+
+@t{EXP(@{2, 3; 4, 5@}) @result{} @{7.39, 20.09; 54.6, 148.4@}} (approximately)
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} LG10 (@var{M})
@deffnx {Matrix Function} LN (@var{M})
Takes the logarithm with base 10 or base @math{e}, respectively, of
each element in @var{M}.
+
+@t{LG10(@{1, 10, 100, 1000@}) @result{} @{0, 1, 2, 3@}} @*
+@t{LG10(0) @result{}} (error)
+
+@t{LN(@{EXP(1), 1, 2, 3, 4@}) @result{} @{1, 0, .69, 1.1, 1.39@}} (approximately) @*
+@t{LN(0) @result{}} (error)
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} MOD (@var{M}, @var{s})
Takes each element in @var{M} modulo nonzero scalar value @var{s},
that is, the remainder of division by @var{s}. The sign of the result
is the same as the sign of the dividend.
+
+@t{MOD(@{5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0@}, 3) @result{} @{2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0@}} @*
+@t{MOD(@{5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0@}, -3) @result{} @{2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0@}} @*
+@t{MOD(@{-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0@}, 3) @result{} @{-2, -1, 0, -2, -1, 0@}} @*
+@t{MOD(@{-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0@}, -3) @result{} @{-2, -1, 0, -2, -1, 0@}} @*
+@t{MOD(@{5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0@}, 1.5) @result{} @{.5, 1.0, .0, .5, 1.0, .0@}} @*
+@t{MOD(@{5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0@}, 0) @result{}} (error)
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} RND (@var{M})
Rounds each element of @var{M} to an integer. @code{RND} rounds to
the nearest integer, with halves rounded to even integers, and
@code{TRUNC} rounds toward zero.
+
+@t{RND(@{-1.6, -1.5, -1.4@}) @result{} @{-2, -2, -1@}} @*
+@t{RND(@{-.6, -.5, -.4@}) @result{} @{-1, 0, 0@}} @*
+@t{RND(@{.4, .5, .6@} @result{} @{0, 0, 1@}} @*
+@t{RND(@{1.4, 1.5, 1.6@}) @result{} @{1, 2, 2@}}
+
+@t{TRUNC(@{-1.6, -1.5, -1.4@}) @result{} @{-1, -1, -1@}} @*
+@t{TRUNC(@{-.6, -.5, -.4@}) @result{} @{0, 0, 0@}} @*
+@t{TRUNC(@{.4, .5, .6@} @result{} @{0, 0, 0@}} @*
+@t{TRUNC(@{1.4, 1.5, 1.6@}) @result{} @{1, 1, 1@}}
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} SQRT (@var{M})
Takes the square root of each element of @var{M}, which must not be
negative.
+
+@t{SQRT(@{0, 1, 2, 4, 9, 81@}) @result{} @{0, 1, 1.41, 2, 3, 9@}} (approximately) @*
+@t{SQRT(-1) @result{}} (error)
@end deffn
@node Matrix Logical Functions
@deffn {Matrix Function} ALL (@var{M})
Returns a scalar with value 1 if all of the elements in @var{M} are
nonzero, or 0 if at least one element is zero.
+
+@t{ALL(@{1, 2, 3@} < @{2, 3, 4@}) @result{} 1} @*
+@t{ALL(@{2, 2, 3@} < @{2, 3, 4@}) @result{} 0} @*
+@t{ALL(@{2, 3, 3@} < @{2, 3, 4@}) @result{} 0} @*
+@t{ALL(@{2, 3, 4@} < @{2, 3, 4@}) @result{} 0}
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} ANY (@var{M})
Returns a scalar with value 1 if any of the elements in @var{M} is
nonzero, or 0 if all of them are zero.
+
+@t{ANY(@{1, 2, 3@} < @{2, 3, 4@}) @result{} 1} @*
+@t{ANY(@{2, 2, 3@} < @{2, 3, 4@}) @result{} 1} @*
+@t{ANY(@{2, 3, 3@} < @{2, 3, 4@}) @result{} 1} @*
+@t{ANY(@{2, 3, 4@} < @{2, 3, 4@}) @result{} 0}
@end deffn
@node Matrix Construction Functions
arguments' row counts and as many columns as the sum of their columns.
Each argument matrix is placed along the main diagonal of the result,
and all other elements are zero.
+
+@format
+@t{BLOCK(@{1, 2; 3, 4@}, 5, @{7; 8; 9@}, @{10, 11@}) @result{}
+ 1 2 0 0 0 0
+ 3 4 0 0 0 0
+ 0 0 5 0 0 0
+ 0 0 0 7 0 0
+ 0 0 0 8 0 0
+ 0 0 0 9 0 0
+ 0 0 0 0 10 11}
+@end format
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} IDENT (@var{n})
Returns an identity matrix, whose main diagonal elements are one and
whose other elements are zero. The returned matrix has @var{n} rows
and columns or @var{nr} rows and @var{nc} columns, respectively.
+
+@format
+@t{IDENT(1) @result{} 1
+IDENT(2) @result{}
+ 1 0
+ 0 1
+IDENT(3, 5) @result{}
+ 1 0 0 0 0
+ 0 1 0 0 0
+ 0 0 1 0 0
+IDENT(5, 3) @result{}
+ 1 0 0
+ 0 1 0
+ 0 0 1
+ 0 0 0
+ 0 0 0}
+@end format
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} MAGIC (@var{n})
row, and each diagonal sums to @math{n(n^2+1)/2}. There are many
magic squares with given dimensions, but this function always returns
the same one for a given value of @var{n}.
+
+@t{MAGIC(3) @result{} @{8, 1, 6; 3, 5, 7; 4, 9, 2@}} @*
+@t{MAGIC(4) @result{} @{1, 5, 12, 16; 15, 11, 6, 2; 14, 8, 9, 3; 4, 10, 7, 13@}}
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} MAKE (@var{nr}, @var{nc}, @var{s})
Returns an @math{@var{nr}@times{}@var{nc}} matrix whose elements are
all @var{s}.
+
+@t{MAKE(1, 2, 3) @result{} @{3, 3@}} @*
+@t{MAKE(2, 1, 4) @result{} @{4; 4@}} @*
+@t{MAKE(2, 3, 5) @result{} @{5, 5, 5; 5, 5, 5@}}
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} MDIAG (@var{V})
-Returns a @math{|@var{V}|@times{}|@var{V}|} matrix whose main diagonal
-comes from @var{V} and whose other elements are zero.
+@anchor{MDIAG} Given @var{n}-element vector @var{V}, returns a
+@math{@var{n}@times{}@var{n}} matrix whose main diagonal is copied
+from @var{V}. The other elements in the returned vector are zero.
+
+Use @code{CALL SETDIAG} (@pxref{CALL SETDIAG}) to replace the main
+diagonal of a matrix in-place.
+
+@format
+@t{MDIAG(@{1, 2, 3, 4@}) @result{}
+ 1 0 0 0
+ 0 2 0 0
+ 0 0 3 0
+ 0 0 0 4}
+@end format
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} RESHAPE (@var{M}, @var{nr}, @var{nc})
Returns an @math{@var{nr}@times{}@var{nc}} matrix whose elements come
from @var{M}, which must have the same number of elements as the new
matrix, copying elements from @var{M} to the new matrix row by row.
+
+@format
+@t{RESHAPE(1:12, 1, 12) @result{}
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
+RESHAPE(1:12, 2, 6) @result{}
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6
+ 7 8 9 10 11 12
+RESHAPE(1:12, 3, 4) @result{}
+ 1 2 3 4
+ 5 6 7 8
+ 9 10 11 12
+RESHAPE(1:12, 4, 3) @result{}
+ 1 2 3
+ 4 5 6
+ 7 8 9
+ 10 11 12}
+@end format
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} T (@var{M})
@deffnx {Matrix Function} TRANSPOS (@var{M})
Returns @var{M} with rows exchanged for columns.
+
+@t{T(@{1, 2, 3@}) @result{} @{1; 2; 3@}} @*
+@t{T(@{1; 2; 3@}) @result{} @{1, 2, 3@}}
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} UNIFORM (@var{nr}, @var{nc})
Returns a @math{@var{nr}@times{}@var{nc}} matrix in which each element
is randomly chosen from a uniform distribution of real numbers between
-0 and 1.
+0 and 1. Random number generation honors the current seed setting
+(@pxref{SET SEED}).
+
+The following example shows one possible output, but of course every
+result will be different (given different seeds):
+
+@format
+@t{UNIFORM(4, 5)*10 @result{}
+ 7.71 2.99 .21 4.95 6.34
+ 4.43 7.49 8.32 4.99 5.83
+ 2.25 .25 1.98 7.09 7.61
+ 2.66 1.69 2.64 .88 1.50}
+@end format
@end deffn
@node Matrix Minimum and Maximum and Sum Functions
Returns a row vector with the same number of columns as @var{M}, in
which each element is the minimum, maximum, sum, or sum of squares,
respectively, of the elements in the same column of @var{M}.
+
+@t{CMIN(@{1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9@} @result{} @{1, 2, 3@}} @*
+@t{CMAX(@{1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9@} @result{} @{7, 8, 9@}} @*
+@t{CSUM(@{1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9@} @result{} @{12, 15, 18@}} @*
+@t{CSSQ(@{1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9@} @result{} @{66, 93, 126@}}
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} MMIN (@var{M})
@deffnx {Matrix Function} MSSQ (@var{M})
Returns the minimum, maximum, sum, or sum of squares, respectively, of
the elements of @var{M}.
+
+@t{MMIN(@{1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9@} @result{} 1} @*
+@t{MMAX(@{1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9@} @result{} 9} @*
+@t{MSUM(@{1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9@} @result{} 45} @*
+@t{MSSQ(@{1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9@} @result{} 285}
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} RMIN (@var{M})
Returns a column vector with the same number of rows as @var{M}, in
which each element is the minimum, maximum, sum, or sum of squares,
respectively, of the elements in the same row of @var{M}.
+
+@t{RMIN(@{1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9@} @result{} @{1; 4; 7@}} @*
+@t{RMAX(@{1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9@} @result{} @{3; 6; 9@}} @*
+@t{RSUM(@{1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9@} @result{} @{6; 15; 24@}} @*
+@t{RSSQ(@{1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9@} @result{} @{14; 77; 194@}}
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} SSCP (@var{M})
Returns @math{@var{M}^T @times{} @var{M}}.
+
+@t{SSCP(@{1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6@}) @result{} @{17, 22, 27; 22, 29, 36; 27, 36, 45@}}
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} TRACE (@var{M})
Returns the sum of the elements along @var{M}'s main diagonal,
equivalent to @code{MSUM(DIAG(@var{M}))}.
-@end deffn
+@t{TRACE(MDIAG(1:5)) @result{} 15}
+@end deffn
@node Matrix Property Functions
@subsubsection Matrix Property Functions
@deffn {Matrix Function} NROW (@var{M})
@deffnx {Matrix Function} NCOL (@var{M})
Returns the number of row or columns, respectively, in @var{M}.
+
+@format
+@t{NROW(@{1, 0; -2, -3; 3, 3@}) @result{} 3
+NROW(1:5) @result{} 1
+
+NCOL(@{1, 0; -2, -3; 3, 3@}) @result{} 2
+NCOL(1:5) @result{} 5}
+@end format
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} DIAG (@var{M})
Returns a column vector containing a copy of @var{M}'s main diagonal.
The vector's length is the lesser of @code{NCOL(@var{M})} and
@code{NROW(@var{M})}.
+
+@t{DIAG(@{1, 0; -2, -3; 3, 3@}) @result{} @{1; -3@}}
@end deffn
@node Matrix Rank Ordering Functions
Matrix @var{M} must be an @math{@var{n}@times{}@var{n}} symmetric
positive-definite matrix. Returns an @math{@var{n}@times{}@var{n}}
matrix @var{B} such that @math{@var{B}^T@times{}@var{B}=@var{M}}.
+
+@format
+@t{CHOL(@{4, 12, -16; 12, 37, -43; -16, -43, 98@}) @result{}
+ 2 6 -8
+ 0 1 5
+ 0 0 3}
+@end format
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} DESIGN (@var{M})
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} EVAL (@var{M})
+@anchor{EVAL}
Returns a column vector containing the eigenvalues of symmetric matrix
@var{M}, sorted in ascending order.
@deffn {Matrix Function} GSCH (@var{M})
+@var{M} must be a @math{@var{n}@times{}@var{m}} matrix, @math{@var{m}
+@geq{} @var{n}}, with rank @var{n}. Returns an
+@math{@var{n}@times{}@var{n}} orthonormal basis for @var{M}, obtained
+using the Gram-Schmidt process.
@end deffn
-
@deffn {Matrix Function} INV (@var{M})
Returns the @math{@var{n}@times{}@var{n}} matrix @var{A} that is the
inverse of @math{@var{n}@times{}@var{n}} matrix @var{M}, defined such
that @math{@var{M}@times{}@var{A} = @var{A}@times{}@var{M} = I}, where
@var{I} is the identity matrix. @var{M} must not be singular, that
-is, @math{\det(@var{M}) \ne 0}.
+is, @math{\det(@var{M}) @ne{} 0}.
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} KRONEKER (@var{Ma}, @var{Mb})
@end deffn
@deffn {Matrix Function} RANK (@var{M})
+Returns the rank of matrix @var{M}, a integer scalar whose value is
+the dimension of the vector space spanned by its columns or,
+equivalently, by its rows.
@end deffn
+@deffn {Matrix Function} SOLVE (@var{Ma}, @var{Mb})
+@var{Ma} must be an @math{@var{n}@times{}@var{n}} matrix, with
+@math{\det(@var{Ma}) @ne{} 0}, and @var{Mb} an
+@math{@var{n}@times{}@var{k}} matrix. Returns an
+@math{@var{n}@times{}@var{k}} matrix @var{X} such that @math{@var{Ma}
+@times{} @var{X} = @var{Mb}}.
+@end deffn
+@deffn {Matrix Function} SVAL (@var{M})
+@anchor{SVAL}
+Given @math{@var{n}@times{}@var{k}} matrix @var{M}, returns a
+@math{\min(@var{n},@var{k})}-element column vector containing the
+singular values of @var{M} in descending order.
-@deffn {Matrix Function} SOLVE (@var{Ma}, @var{Mb})
+Use @code{CALL SVD} (@pxref{CALL SVD}) to compute the full singular
+value decomposition of a matrix.
@end deffn
+@deffn {Matrix Function} SWEEP (@var{M}, @var{nk})
+Given @math{@var{r}@times{}@var{c}} matrix @var{M} and integer scalar
+@math{k = @var{nk}} such that @math{1 @leq{} k @leq{}
+\min(@var{r},@var{c})}, returns the @math{@var{r}@times{}@var{c}}
+sweep matrix @var{A}.
-@deffn {Matrix Function} SVAL (@var{M})
-@end deffn
+If @math{@var{M}_{kk} @ne{} 0}, then:
+@display
+@math{@var{A}_{kk} = 1/@var{M}_{kk}},
+@math{@var{A}_{ik} = -@var{M}_{ik}/@var{M}_{kk} @r{for} i @ne{} k},
+@math{@var{A}_{kj} = @var{M}_{kj}/@var{M}_{kk} @r{for} j @ne{} k, @r{and}}
+@math{@var{A}_{ij} = @var{M}_{ij} - (@var{M}_{ik} * @var{M}_{kj}) / @var{M}_{kk} @r{for} i @ne{} k @r{and} j @ne{} k}.
+@end display
-@deffn {Matrix Function} SWEEP (@var{M}, @var{n})
-@end deffn
+If @math{@var{M}_{kk} = 0}, then:
+@display
+@math{@var{A}_{ik} = @var{A}_{ki} = 0 @r{and}}
+@math{@var{A}_{ij} = @var{M}_{ij}, @r{for} i @ne{} k @r{and} j @ne{} k}.
+@end display
+@end deffn
@node Matrix IO
@subsubsection I/O
@deffn {Matrix Function} EOF (@var{file})
+@anchor{EOF Matrix Function}
+
+Given a file handle or file name @var{file}, returns an integer scalar
+that indicates whether the last record in the file has been read.
+Determining this requires attempting reading past the current record,
+which means that @code{REREAD} on the next @code{READ} command
+following @code{EOF} on the same file will be ineffective.
@end deffn
+@node Matrix COMPUTE Command
+@subsection The @code{COMPUTE} Command
+
+@display
+@t{COMPUTE} @i{variable}[@t{(}@i{index}[@t{,}@i{index}]@t{)}]@t{=}@i{expression}@t{.}
+@end display
+
+The @code{COMPUTE} command evaluates an expression and assigns the
+result to a variable or a submatrix of a variable. Assigning to a
+submatrix uses the same syntax as the index operator (@pxref{Matrix
+Index Operator}).
+
@node Matrix CALL command
@subsection The @code{CALL} Command
+A matrix function returns a single result. The @code{CALL} command
+implements procedures, which take a similar syntactic form to
+functions but yield results by modifying their arguments rather than
+returning a value.
+
+Output arguments to a @code{CALL} procedure must be a single variable
+name.
+
+The following procedures are implemented via @code{CALL} to allow them
+to return multiple results. For these procedures, the output
+arguments need not name existing variables; if they do, then their
+previous values are replaced:
+
+@table @asis
+@item @t{CALL EIGEN(@var{M}, @var{evec}, @var{eval})}
@anchor{CALL EIGEN}
+
+Computes the eigenvalues and eigenvector of symmetric
+@math{@var{n}@times{}@var{n}} matrix @var{M}. Assigns the
+eigenvectors of @var{M} to the columns of
+@math{@var{n}@times{}@var{n}} matrix @var{evec} and the eigenvalues in
+descending order to @var{n}-element column vector @var{eval}.
+
+Use the @code{EVAL} function (@pxref{EVAL}) to compute just the
+eigenvalues of a symmetric matrix.
+
+@item @t{CALL SVD(@var{M}, @var{U}, @var{S}, @var{V})}
+@anchor{CALL SVD}
+
+Computes the singular value decomposition of
+@math{@var{n}@times{}@var{k}} matrix @var{M}, assigning @var{S} a
+@math{@var{n}@times{}@var{k}} diagonal matrix and to @var{U} and
+@var{V} unitary @math{@var{k}@times{}@var{k}} matrices such that
+@math{@var{M} = @var{U}@times{}@var{S}@times{}@var{V}^T}. The main
+diagonal of @var{Q} contains the singular values of @var{M}.
+
+Use the @code{SVAL} function (@pxref{SVAL}) to compute just the
+singular values of a matrix.
+@end table
+
+The final procedure is implemented via @code{CALL} to allow it to
+modify a matrix instead of returning a modified version. For this
+procedure, the output argument must name an existing variable.
+
+@table @asis
+@item @t{CALL SETDIAG(@var{M}, @var{V})}
+@anchor{CALL SETDIAG}
+
+Replaces the main diagonal of @math{@var{n}@times{}@var{p}} matrix
+@var{M} by the contents of @var{k}-element vector @var{V}. If
+@math{@var{k} = 1}, so that @var{V} is a scalar, replaces all of the
+diagonal elements of @var{M} by @var{V}. If @math{@var{k} <
+\min(@var{n},@var{p})}, only the upper @var{k} diagonal elements are
+replaced; if @math{@var{k} > \min(@var{n},@var{p})}, then the
+extra elements of @var{V} are ignored.
+
+Use the @code{MDIAG} function (@pxref{MDIAG}) to construct a new
+matrix with a specified main diagonal.
+@end table
+
+@node Matrix PRINT Command
+@subsection The @code{PRINT} Command
+
+@display
+@t{PRINT} [@i{expression}]
+ [@t{/FORMAT}@t{=}@i{format}]
+ [@t{/TITLE}@t{=}@i{title}]
+ [@t{/SPACE}@t{=}@{@t{NEWPAGE} @math{|} @i{n}@}]
+ [@{@t{/RLABELS}@t{=}@i{string}@dots{} @math{|} @t{/RNAMES}@t{=}@i{expression}@}]
+ [@{@t{/CLABELS}@t{=}@i{string}@dots{} @math{|} @t{/CNAMES}@t{=}@i{expression}@}]@t{.}
+@end display
+
+The @code{PRINT} command is commonly used to display a matrix. It
+evaluates the restricted @var{expression}, if present, and outputs it
+either as text or a pivot table, depending on the setting of
+@code{MDISPLAY} (@pxref{SET MDISPLAY}).
+
+Use the @code{FORMAT} subcommand to specify a format, such as
+@code{F8.2}, for displaying the matrix elements. @code{FORMAT} is
+optional for numerical matrices. When it is omitted, @pspp{} chooses
+how to format entries automatically using @var{m}, the magnitude of
+the largest-magnitude element in the matrix to be displayed:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+If the matrix's elements are all integers, then, if possible, @pspp{}
+chooses the narrowest @code{F} format with width 12 or less that fits
+@var{m} plus a sign.
+
+@item
+Otherwise, if @math{@var{m} @geq{} 10^9} or @math{@var{m} @leq{}
+10^{-4}}, @pspp{} scales all of the numbers in the matrix by
+@math{10^x}, where @var{x} is the exponent used when @var{m} is
+displayed in scientific notation, and displays the scaled value in
+format @code{F13.10}. @pspp{} adds a note to the output to indicate
+the scale factor.
+
+@item
+Otherwise, @pspp{} displays the value, without scaling, in format
+@code{F13.10}.
+@end enumerate
+
+The optional @code{TITLE} subcommand specifies a title for the output
+text or table, as a quoted string. When it is omitted, the syntax of
+the matrix expression is used as the title.
+
+Use the @code{SPACE} subcommand to request extra space above the
+matrix output. With a numerical argument, it adds the specified
+number of lines of blank space above the matrix. With @code{NEWPAGE}
+as an argument, it prints the matrix at the top of a new page. The
+@code{SPACE} subcommand has no effect when a matrix is output as a
+pivot table.
+
+The @code{RLABELS} and @code{RNAMES} subcommands, which are mutually
+exclusive, can supply a label to accompany each row in the output.
+With @code{RLABELS}, specify the labels as comma-separated strings or
+other tokens. With @code{RNAMES}, specify a single expression that
+evaluates to a vector of strings. Either way, if there are more
+labels than rows, the extra labels are ignored, and if there are more
+rows than labels, the extra rows are unlabeled. For output to a pivot
+table with @code{RLABELS}, the labels can be any length; otherwise,
+the labels are truncated to 8 bytes.
+
+The @code{CLABELS} and @code{CNAMES} subcommands work for labeling
+columns as @code{RLABELS} and @code{RNAMES} do for labeling rows.
+
+@subsubheading Text Output
+
+When the @var{expression} is omitted, @code{PRINT} does not output a
+matrix. Instead, it outputs only the text specified on @code{TITLE},
+if any, preceded by any space specified on the @code{SPACE}
+subcommand, if any. Any other subcommands are ignored, and the
+command acts as if @code{MDISPLAY} is set to @code{TEXT} regardless of
+its actual setting.
+
+@node Matrix DO IF Command
+@subsection The @code{DO IF} Command
+
+@display
+@t{DO IF} @i{expression}@t{.}
+ @dots{}@i{matrix commands}@dots{}
+[@t{ELSE IF} @i{expression}@t{.}
+ @dots{}@i{matrix commands}@dots{}]@dots{}
+[@t{ELSE}
+ @dots{}@i{matrix commands}@dots{}]
+@t{END IF}@t{.}
+@end display
+
+A @code{DO IF} command evaluates its expression argument. If the
+@code{DO IF} expression evaluates to true, then @pspp{} executes the
+associated commands. Otherwise, @pspp{} evaluates the expression on
+each @code{ELSE IF} clause (if any) in order, and executes the
+commands associated with the first one that yields a true value.
+Finally, if the @code{DO IF} and all the @code{ELSE IF} expressions
+all evaluate to false, @pspp{} executes the commands following the
+@code{ELSE} clause (if any).
+
+Each expression on @code{DO IF} and @code{ELSE IF} must evaluate to a
+scalar. Positive scalars are considered to be true, and scalars that
+are zero or negative are considered to be false.
+
+@node Matrix LOOP and BREAK Commands
+@subsection The @code{LOOP} and @code{BREAK} Commands
+
+@display
+@t{LOOP} [@i{var}@t{=}@i{first} @t{TO} @i{last} [@t{BY} @i{step}]] [@t{IF} @i{expression}]@t{.}
+ @dots{}@i{matrix commands}@dots{}
+@t{END LOOP} [@t{IF} @i{expression}]@t{.}
+
+@t{BREAK}@t{.}
+@end display
+
+The @code{LOOP} command executes a nested group of matrix commands,
+called the loop's @dfn{body}, repeatedly. It has three optional
+clauses that control how many times the loop body executes.
+Regardless of these clauses, the global @code{MXLOOPS} setting, which
+defaults to 40, also limits the number of iterations of a loop. To
+iterate more times, raise the maximum with @code{SET MXLOOPS} outside
+of the @code{MATRIX} command (@pxref{SET MXLOOPS}).
+
+The optional index clause causes @var{var} to be assigned successive
+values on each trip through the loop: first @var{first}, then
+@math{@var{first} + @var{step}}, then @math{@var{first} + 2 @times{}
+@var{step}}, and so on. The loop ends when @math{@var{var} >
+@var{last}}, for positive @var{step}, or @math{@var{var} <
+@var{last}}, for negative @var{step}. If @var{step} is not specified,
+it defaults to 1. All the index clause expressions must evaluate to
+scalars, and non-integers are rounded toward zero. If @var{step}
+evaluates as zero (or rounds to zero), then the loop body never
+executes.
+
+The optional @code{IF} on @code{LOOP} is evaluated before each
+iteration through the loop body. If its expression, which must
+evaluate to a scalar, is zero or negative, then the loop terminates
+without executing the loop body.
+
+The optional @code{IF} on @code{END LOOP} is evaluated after each
+iteration through the loop body. If its expression, which must
+evaluate to a scalar, is zero or negative, then the loop terminates.
+
+The @code{BREAK} command may be used inside a loop body, ordinarily
+within a @code{DO IF} command. If it is executed, then the loop
+terminates immediately, jumping to the command just following
+@code{END LOOP}. When multiple @code{LOOP} commands nest,
+@code{BREAK} terminates the innermost loop.
+
+@node Matrix READ and WRITE Commands
+@subsection The @code{READ} and @code{WRITE} Commands
+
+The @code{READ} and @code{WRITE} commands perform matrix input and
+output with text files. They share the following syntax for
+specifying how data is divided among input lines:
+
+@display
+@t{/FIELD}@t{=}@i{first} @t{TO} @i{last} [@t{BY} @i{width}]
+[@t{/FORMAT}@t{=}@i{format}]
+@end display
+
+Both commands require the @code{FIELD} subcommand. It specifies the
+range of columns, from @var{first} to @var{last}, inclusive, that the
+data occupies on each line of the file. The leftmost column is column
+1. The columns must be literal numbers, not expressions. To use
+entire lines, even if they might be very long, specify a column range
+such as @code{1 TO 100000}.
+
+The @code{FORMAT} subcommand is optional for numerical matrices. For
+string matrix input and output, specify an @code{A} format. In
+addition to @code{FORMAT}, the optional @code{BY} specification on
+@code{FIELD} determine the meaning of each text line:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Without @code{BY} and @code{FORMAT}, the numbers in the text file are
+in @code{F} format separated by spaces or commas. For @code{WRITE},
+@pspp{} uses as many digits of precision needed to represent the
+numbers in the matrix
+
+@item
+With @code{BY @i{width}}, the input area is divided into fixed-width
+fields with the given @i{width}. The input area must be a multiple of
+@i{width} columns wide. Numbers are read or written as
+@code{F@i{width}.0} format.
+
+@item
+With @code{FORMAT=@i{count}F}, the input area is divided into
+@i{count} equal-width fields per line. The input area must be a
+multiple of @i{count} columns wide. Another format type may be
+substituted for @code{F}.
+
+@item
+@code{FORMAT=F@i{w}.@i{d}} divides the input area into fixed-width
+fields with width @i{w}. The input area must be a multiple of @i{w}
+columns wide. Another format type may be substituted for @code{F}.
+
+@item
+If @code{BY} and @code{FORMAT} are both used, then they must agree on
+the field width.
+@end itemize
+
+@node Matrix READ Command
+@subsubsection The @code{READ} Command
+
+@display
+@t{READ} @i{variable}[@t{(}@i{index}[@t{,}@i{index}]@t{)}]
+ [@t{/FILE}@t{=}@i{file}]
+ @t{/FIELD}@t{=}@i{first} @t{TO} @i{last} [@t{BY} @i{width}]
+ [@t{/FORMAT}@t{=}@i{format}]
+ [@t{/SIZE}@t{=}@i{expression}]
+ [@t{/MODE}@t{=}@{@t{RECTANGULAR} @math{|} @t{SYMMETRIC}@}]
+ [@t{/REREAD}]@t{.}
+@end display
+
+The @code{READ} command reads from a text file into a matrix variable.
+Specify the target variable just after the command name, either just a
+variable name to create or replace an entire variable, or a variable
+name followed by an indexing expression to replace a submatrix of an
+existing variable.
+
+The @code{FILE} subcommand is required in the first @code{READ}
+command that appears within @code{MATRIX}. It specifies the text file
+to be read, either as a file name in quotes or a file handle
+previously declared on @code{FILE HANDLE} (@pxref{FILE HANDLE}).
+Later @code{READ} commands (in syntax order) use the previous
+referenced file if @code{FILE} is omitted.
+
+The @code{FIELD} and @code{FORMAT} subcommands specify how input lines
+are interpreted. @xref{Matrix READ and WRITE Commands}, for details.
+
+The @code{SIZE} subcommand is required for reading into an entire
+variable. Its restricted expression argument should evaluate to a
+2-element vector @code{@{@var{n},@w{ }@var{m}@}} or
+@code{@{@var{n};@w{ }@var{m}@}}, which indicates a
+@math{@var{n}@times{}@var{m}} matrix destination. A scalar @var{n} is
+also allowed and indicates a @math{@var{n}@times{}1} column vector
+destination. When the destination is a submatrix, @code{SIZE} is
+optional, and if it is present then it must match the size of the
+submatrix.
+
+By default, or with @code{MODE=RECTANGULAR}, the command reads an
+entry for every row and column. With @code{MODE=SYMMETRIC}, the
+command reads only the entries on and below the matrix's main
+diagonal, and copies the entries above the main diagonal from the
+corresponding symmetric entries below it. Only square matrices
+may use @code{MODE=SYMMETRIC}.
+
+Ordinarily, each @code{READ} command starts from a new line in the
+text file. Specify the @code{REREAD} subcommand to instead start from
+the last line read by the previous @code{READ} command. This has no
+effect for the first @code{READ} command to read from a particular
+file. It is also ineffective just after a command that uses the
+@code{EOF} matrix function (@pxref{EOF Matrix Function}) on a
+particular file, because @code{EOF} has to try to read the next line
+from the file to determine whether the file contains more input.
+
+@node Matrix WRITE Command
+@subsubsection The @code{WRITE} Command
+
+@display
+@t{WRITE} @i{expression}
+ [@t{/OUTFILE}@t{=}@i{file}]
+ @t{/FIELD}@t{=}@i{first} @t{TO} @i{last} [@t{BY} @i{width}]
+ [@t{/FORMAT}@t{=}@i{format}]
+ [@t{/MODE}@t{=}@{@t{RECTANGULAR} @math{|} @t{TRIANGULAR}@}]
+ [@t{/HOLD}]@t{.}
+@end display
+
+The @code{WRITE} command evaluates @i{expression} and writes it to a
+text file in a specified format. Write the expression to evaluate
+just after the command name.
+
+The @code{OUTFILE} subcommand is required in the first @code{WRITE}
+command that appears within @code{MATRIX}. It specifies the text file
+to be written, either as a file name in quotes or a file handle
+previously declared on @code{FILE HANDLE} (@pxref{FILE HANDLE}).
+Later @code{WRITE} commands (in syntax order) use the previous
+referenced file if @code{FILE} is omitted.
+
+The @code{FIELD} and @code{FORMAT} subcommands specify how output
+lines are formed. @xref{Matrix READ and WRITE Commands}, for details.
+
+By default, or with @code{MODE=RECTANGULAR}, the command writes an
+entry for every row and column. With @code{MODE=TRIANGULAR}, the
+command writes only the entries on and below the matrix's main
+diagonal. Entries above the diagonal are not written. Only square
+matrices may be written with @code{MODE=TRIANGULAR}.
+
+Ordinarily, each @code{WRITE} command starts a new line in the output
+file. With @code{HOLD}, the next @code{WRITE} command will write to
+the same line as the current one. This can be useful to write more
+than one matrix on a single output line.
+
+@node Matrix GET Command
+@subsection The @code{GET} Command
+
+@display
+@t{GET} @i{variable}[@t{(}@i{index}[@t{,}@i{index}]@t{)}]
+ [@t{/FILE}@t{=}@{@i{file} @math{|} @t{*}@}]
+ [@t{/VARIABLES}@t{=}@i{variable}@dots{}]
+ [@t{/NAMES}@t{=}@i{variable}]
+ [@t{/MISSING}@t{=}@{@t{ACCEPT} @math{|} @t{OMIT} @math{|} @i{number}@}]
+ [@t{/SYSMIS}@t{=}@{@t{OMIT} @math{|} @i{number}@}]@t{.}
+@end display
+
+The @code{READ} command reads numeric data from an SPSS system file,
+SPSS/PC+ system file, or SPSS portable file into a matrix variable or
+submatrix:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+To read data into a variable, specify just its name following
+@code{GET}. The variable need not already exist; if it does, it is
+replaced. The variable will have as many columns as there are
+variables specified on the @code{VARIABLES} subcommand and as many
+rows as there are cases in the input file.
+
+@item
+To read data into a submatrix, specify the name of an existing
+variable, followed by an indexing expression, just after @code{GET}.
+The submatrix must have as many columns as variables specified on
+@code{VARIABLES} and as many rows as cases in the input file.
+@end itemize
+
+Specify the name or handle of the file to be read on @code{FILE}. Use
+@samp{*}, or simply omit the @code{FILE} subcommand, to read from the
+active file. Reading from the active file is only permitted if it was
+already defined outside @code{MATRIX}.
+
+List the variables to be read as columns in the matrix on the
+@code{VARIABLES} subcommand. The list can use @code{TO} for
+collections of variables or @code{ALL} for all variables. If
+@code{VARIABLES} is omitted, all variables are read. Only numeric
+variables may be read.
+
+If a variable is named on @code{NAMES}, then the names of the
+variables read as data columns are stored in a string vector within
+the given name, replacing any existing matrix variable with that name.
+Variable names are truncated to 8 bytes.
+
+The @code{MISSING} and @code{SYSMIS} subcommands control the treatment
+of missing values in the input file. By default, any user- or
+system-missing data in the variables being read from the input causes
+an error that prevents @code{GET} from executing. To accept missing
+values, specify one of the following settings on @code{MISSING}:
+
+@table @asis
+@item @code{ACCEPT}
+Accept user-missing values with no change. By default, system-missing
+values still yield an error. Use the @code{SYSMIS} subcommand to
+change this treatment:
+
+@table @asis
+@item @code{OMIT}
+Skip any case that contains a system-missing value.
+
+@item @i{number}
+Recode the system-missing value to @i{number}.
+@end table
+
+@item @code{OMIT}
+Skip any case that contains any user- or system-missing value.
+
+@item @i{number}
+Recode all user- and system-missing values to @i{number}.
+@end table
+
+The @code{SYSMIS} subcommand has an effect only with
+@code{MISSING=ACCEPT}.
+
+@node Matrix SAVE Command
+@subsection The @code{SAVE} Command
+
+@display
+@t{SAVE} @i{expression}
+ [@t{/OUTFILE}@t{=}@{@i{file} @math{|} @t{*}@}]
+ [@t{/VARIABLES}@t{=}@i{variable}@dots{}]
+ [@t{/NAMES}@t{=}@i{expression}]
+ [@t{/STRINGS}@t{=}@i{variable}@dots{}]@t{.}
+@end display
+
+The @code{SAVE} matrix command evaluates @i{expression} and writes the
+resulting matrix to an SPSS system file. In the system file, each
+matrix row becomes a case and each column becomes a variable.
+
+Specify the name or handle of the SPSS system file on the
+@code{OUTFILE} subcommand, or @samp{*} to write the output as the new
+active file. The @code{OUTFILE} subcommand is required on the first
+@code{SAVE} command, in syntax order, within @code{MATRIX}. For
+@code{SAVE} commands after the first, the default output file is the
+same as the previous.
+
+When multiple @code{SAVE} commands write to one destination within a
+single @code{MATRIX}, the later commands append to the same output
+file. All the matrices written to the file must have the same number
+of columns. The @code{VARIABLES}, @code{NAMES}, and @code{STRINGS}
+subcommands are honored only for the first @code{SAVE} command that
+writes to a given file.
+
+By default, @code{SAVE} names the variables in the output file
+@code{COL1} through @code{COL@i{n}}. Use @code{VARIABLES} or
+@code{NAMES} to give the variables meaningful names. The
+@code{VARIABLES} subcommand accepts a comma-separated list of variable
+names. Its alternative, @code{NAMES}, instead accepts an expression
+that must evaluate to a row or column string vector of names. The
+number of names need not exactly match the number of columns in the
+matrix to be written: extra names are ignored; extra columns use
+default names.
+
+By default, @code{SAVE} assumes that the matrix to be written is all
+numeric. To write string columns, specify a comma-separated list of
+the string columns' variable names on @code{STRINGS}.
+
+@node Matrix MGET Command
+@subsection The @code{MGET} Command
+
+@display
+@t{MGET} [@t{/FILE}@t{=}@i{file}]
+ [@t{/TYPE}@t{=}@{@t{COV} @math{|} @t{CORR} @math{|} @t{MEAN} @math{|} @t{STDDEV} @math{|} @t{N} @math{|} @t{COUNT}@}]@t{.}
+@end display
+
+The @code{MGET} command reads the data from a matrix file
+(@pxref{Matrix Files}) into matrix variables. Specify the name or
+handle of the matrix file to be read on the @code{FILE} subcommand; if
+it is omitted, then the command reads the active file.
+
+By default, @code{MGET} reads all of the data from the matrix file.
+Specify a space-delimited list of matrix types @code{TYPE} to limit the
+kinds of data to the one specified:
+
+@table @code
+@item COV
+Covariance matrix.
+
+@item CORR
+Correlation coefficient matrix.
+
+@item MEAN
+Vector of means.
+
+@item STDDEV
+Vector of standard deviations.
+
+@item N
+Vector of case counts.
+
+@item COUNT
+Vector of counts.
+@end table
+
+@code{MGET} reads the entire matrix file and automatically names,
+creates, and populates matrix variables using its contents. It
+constructs the name of each variable by concatenating the following:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+A 2-character prefix that identifies the type of the matrix:
+
+@table @code
+@item CV
+Covariance matrix.
+
+@item CR
+Correlation coefficient matrix.
+
+@item MN
+Vector of means.
+
+@item SD
+Vector of standard deviations.
+
+@item NC
+Vector of case counts.
+
+@item CN
+Vector of counts.
+@end table
+
+@item
+If the matrix file has factor variables, @code{F@i{n}}, where @i{n}
+is a number identifying a group of factors: @code{F1} for the first
+group, @code{F2} for the second, and so on.
+
+@item
+If the matrix file has split file variables, @code{S@i{n}}, where
+@i{n} is a number identifying a split group: @code{S1} for the first
+group, @code{S2} for the second, and so on.
+@end itemize
+
+If @code{MGET} chooses the name of an existing variable, it issues a
+warning and does not change the variable.
+
+@node Matrix MSAVE Command
+@subsection The @code{MSAVE} Command
+
+@display
+@t{MSAVE} @i{expression}
+ @t{/TYPE}@t{=}@{@t{COV} @math{|} @t{CORR} @math{|} @t{MEAN} @math{|} @t{STDDEV} @math{|} @t{N} @math{|} @t{COUNT}@}
+ [@t{/FACTOR}@t{=}@i{expression}]
+ [@t{/SPLIT}@t{=}@i{expression}]
+ [@t{/OUTFILE}@t{=}@i{file}]
+ [@t{/VARIABLES}@t{=}@i{variable}@dots{}]
+ [@t{/SNAMES}@t{=}@i{variable}@dots{}]
+ [@t{/FNAMES}@t{=}@i{variable}@dots{}]@t{.}
+@end display
+
+The @code{MSAVE} command evaluates the @i{expression} specifies just
+after the command name, and writes the resulting matrix to a matrix
+file (@pxref{Matrix Files}).
+
+The @code{TYPE} subcommand is required. It specifies the
+@code{ROWTYPE_} to write along with this matrix.
+
+The @code{FACTOR} and @code{SPLIT} subcommands are required if and
+only if the matrix file has factor or split variables, respectively.
+Each one takes an expression that must evaluate to a vector with the
+same number of entries as the matrix has factor or split variables,
+respectively. Each @code{MSAVE} only writes data for a single
+combination of factor and split variables, so many @code{MSAVE}
+commands (or one inside a loop) may be needed to write a complete set.
+
+The remaining @code{MSAVE} subcommands define the format of the matrix
+file. All of the @code{MSAVE} commands within a given matrix program
+write to the same matrix file, so these subcommands are only
+meaningful on the first @code{MSAVE} command within a matrix program.
+(If they are given again on later @code{MSAVE} commands, then they
+must have the same values as on the first.)
+
+The @code{OUTFILE} subcommand specifies the name or handle of the
+matrix file to be written. Output must go to an external file, not a
+data set or the active file.
+
+The @code{VARIABLES} subcommand specifies a comma-separated list of
+the names of the continuous variables to be written to the matrix
+file. The @code{TO} keyword can be used to define variables named
+with consecutive integer suffixes. These names become column names
+and names that appear in @code{VARNAME_} in the matrix file.
+@code{ROWTYPE_} and @code{VARNAME_} are not allowed on
+@code{VARIABLES}. If @code{VARIABLES} is omitted, then @pspp{} uses
+the names @code{COL1}, @code{COL2}, and so on.
+
+The @code{FNAMES} subcommand may be used to supply a comma-separated
+list of factor variable names. The default names are @code{FAC1},
+@code{FAC2}, and so on.
+
+The @code{SNAMES} subcommand can supply a comma-separated list of
+split variable names. The default names are @code{SPL1}, @code{SPL2},
+and so on.
+
+@node Matrix DISPLAY Command
+@subsection The @code{DISPLAY} Command
+
+@display
+@t{DISPLAY} [@{@t{DICTIONARY} @math{|} @t{STATUS}@}]@t{.}
+@end display
+
+The @code{DISPLAY} command makes @pspp{} display a table with the name
+and dimensions of each matrix variable. The @code{DICTIONARY} and
+@code{STATUS} keywords are accepted but have no effect.
+
+@node Matrix RELEASE Command
+@subsection The @code{RELEASE} Command
+
+@display
+@t{RELEASE} @i{variable}@dots{}@t{.}
+@end display
+
+The @code{RELEASE} command accepts a comma-separated list of matrix
+variable names. It deletes each variable and releases the memory
+associated with it.
+
+The @code{END MATRIX} command releases all matrix variables.
projects / pspp / blobdiff