Automatically infer variables' measurement level from format and data.

[pspp] / doc / language.texi

diff --git a/doc/language.texi b/doc/language.texi
index 77270c80b436e4599ac562aaf86c044c94f1921f..7b750eb7ae75ac3acf8053184aaacded62fc97a2 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/language.texi
+++ b/doc/language.texi
@@ -507,6 +507,75 @@ they are displayed.  Example: a width of 8, with 2 decimal places.
 Similar to print format, but used by the @cmd{WRITE} command
 (@pxref{WRITE}).
 
+@cindex measurement level
+@item Measurement level
+@anchor{Measurement Level}
+One of the following:
+
+@table @asis
+@item Nominal
+Each value of a nominal variable represents a distinct category.  The
+possible categories are finite and often have value labels.  The order
+of categories is not significant.  Political parties, US states, and
+yes/no choices are nominal.  Numeric and string variables can be
+nominal.
+
+@item Ordinal
+Ordinal variables also represent distinct categories, but their values
+are arranged according to some natural order.  Likert scales, e.g.@:
+from strongly disagree to strongly agree, are ordinal.  Data grouped
+into ranges, e.g.@: age groups or income groups, are ordinal.  Both
+numeric and string variables can be ordinal.  String values are
+ordered alphabetically, so letter grades from A to F will work as
+expected, but @code{poor}, @code{satisfactory}, @code{excellent} will
+not.
+
+@item Scale
+Scale variables are ones for which differences and ratios are
+meaningful.  These are often values which have a natural unit
+attached, such as age in years, income in dollars, or distance in
+miles.  Only numeric variables are scalar.
+@end table
+
+Variables created by @cmd{COMPUTE} and similar transformations,
+obtained from external sources, etc., initially have an unknown
+measurement level.  Any procedure that reads the data will then assign
+a default measurement level.  @pspp{} can assign some defaults without
+reading the data:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Nominal, if it's a string variable.
+
+@item
+Nominal, if the variable has a WKDAY or MONTH print format.
+
+@item
+Scale, if the variable has a DOLLAR, CCA through CCE, or time or date
+print format.
+@end itemize
+
+Otherwise, @pspp{} reads the data and decides based on its
+distribution:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Nominal, if all observations are missing.
+
+@item
+Scale, if one or more valid observations are noninteger or negative.
+
+@item
+Scale, if no valid observation is less than 10.
+
+@item
+Scale, if the variable has 24 or more unique valid values.  The value
+24 is the default and can be adjusted (@pxref{SET SCALEMIN}).
+@end itemize
+
+Finally, if none of the above is true, @pspp{} assigns the variable a
+nominal measurement level.
+
 @cindex custom attributes
 @item Custom attributes
 User-defined associations between names and values.  @xref{VARIABLE
@@ -537,7 +606,12 @@ shuffled around.
 @cindex @code{$DATE}
 @item $DATE
 Date the @pspp{} process was started, in format A9, following the
-pattern @code{DD MMM YY}.
+pattern @code{DD-MMM-YY}.
+
+@cindex @code{$DATE11}
+@item $DATE11
+Date the @pspp{} process was started, in format A11, following the
+pattern @code{DD-MMM-YYYY}.
 
 @cindex @code{$JDATE}
 @item $JDATE
@@ -791,8 +865,10 @@ would not fit at all without it.  Scientific notation with @samp{$} or
 @item
 Except in scientific notation, a decimal point is included only when
 it is followed by a digit.  If the integer part of the number being
-output is 0, and a decimal point is included, then the zero before the
-decimal point is dropped.
+output is 0, and a decimal point is included, then @pspp{} ordinarily
+drops the zero before the decimal point.  However, in @code{F},
+@code{COMMA}, or @code{DOT} formats, @pspp{} keeps the zero if
+@code{SET LEADZERO} is set to @code{ON} (@pxref{SET LEADZERO}).
 
 In scientific notation, the number always includes a decimal point,
 even if it is not followed by a digit.