/MISSING=@{VARIABLE,LISTWISE@} @{INCLUDE,NOINCLUDE@}
/FORMAT=@{LABELS,NOLABELS@} @{NOINDEX,INDEX@} @{LINE,SERIAL@}
/SAVE
/MISSING=@{VARIABLE,LISTWISE@} @{INCLUDE,NOINCLUDE@}
/FORMAT=@{LABELS,NOLABELS@} @{NOINDEX,INDEX@} @{LINE,SERIAL@}
/SAVE
-The VARIABLES subcommand, which is required, specifies the list of
-variables to be analyzed. Keyword VARIABLES is optional.
+The @subcmd{VARIABLES} subcommand, which is required, specifies the list of
+variables to be analyzed. Keyword @subcmd{VARIABLES} is optional.
-The MISSING subcommand determines the handling of missing variables. If
-INCLUDE is set, then user-missing values are included in the
-calculations. If NOINCLUDE is set, which is the default, user-missing
-values are excluded. If VARIABLE is set, then missing values are
-excluded on a variable by variable basis; if LISTWISE is set, then
+The @subcmd{MISSING} subcommand determines the handling of missing variables. If
+@subcmd{INCLUDE} is set, then user-missing values are included in the
+calculations. If @subcmd{NOINCLUDE} is set, which is the default, user-missing
+values are excluded. If @subcmd{VARIABLE} is set, then missing values are
+excluded on a variable by variable basis; if @subcmd{LISTWISE} is set, then
-The FORMAT subcommand affects the output format. Currently the
-LABELS/NOLABELS and NOINDEX/INDEX settings are not used. When SERIAL is
+The @subcmd{FORMAT} subcommand affects the output format. Currently the
+@subcmd{LABELS/NOLABELS} and @subcmd{NOINDEX/INDEX} settings are not used.
+When @subcmd{SERIAL} is
the specified variables. The Z scores are saved to new variables.
Variable names are generated by trying first the original variable name
with Z prepended and truncated to a maximum of 8 characters, then the
names ZSC000 through ZSC999, STDZ00 through STDZ09, ZZZZ00 through
ZZZZ09, ZQZQ00 through ZQZQ09, in that sequence. In addition, Z score
the specified variables. The Z scores are saved to new variables.
Variable names are generated by trying first the original variable name
with Z prepended and truncated to a maximum of 8 characters, then the
names ZSC000 through ZSC999, STDZ00 through STDZ09, ZZZZ00 through
ZZZZ09, ZQZQ00 through ZQZQ09, in that sequence. In addition, Z score
-The SORT subcommand specifies how the statistics should be sorted. Most
-of the possible values should be self-explanatory. NAME causes the
+The @subcmd{SORT} subcommand specifies how the statistics should be sorted. Most
+of the possible values should be self-explanatory. @subcmd{NAME} causes the
-in the order that they are specified on the VARIABLES subcommand. The A
-and D settings request an ascending or descending sort order,
-respectively.
+in the order that they are specified on the @subcmd{VARIABLES} subcommand.
+The @subcmd{A} and @subcmd{D} settings request an ascending or descending
+sort order, respectively.
- /VARIABLES=var_list
- /FORMAT=@{TABLE,NOTABLE,LIMIT(limit)@}
+ /VARIABLES=@var{var_list}
+ /FORMAT=@{TABLE,NOTABLE,LIMIT(@var{limit})@}
@{AVALUE,DVALUE,AFREQ,DFREQ@}
/MISSING=@{EXCLUDE,INCLUDE@}
/STATISTICS=@{DEFAULT,MEAN,SEMEAN,MEDIAN,MODE,STDDEV,VARIANCE,
KURTOSIS,SKEWNESS,RANGE,MINIMUM,MAXIMUM,SUM,
SESKEWNESS,SEKURTOSIS,ALL,NONE@}
@{AVALUE,DVALUE,AFREQ,DFREQ@}
/MISSING=@{EXCLUDE,INCLUDE@}
/STATISTICS=@{DEFAULT,MEAN,SEMEAN,MEDIAN,MODE,STDDEV,VARIANCE,
KURTOSIS,SKEWNESS,RANGE,MINIMUM,MAXIMUM,SUM,
SESKEWNESS,SEKURTOSIS,ALL,NONE@}
- /HISTOGRAM=[MINIMUM(x_min)] [MAXIMUM(x_max)]
- [@{FREQ[(y_max)],PERCENT[(y_max)]@}] [@{NONORMAL,NORMAL@}]
- /PIECHART=[MINIMUM(x_min)] [MAXIMUM(x_max)]
+ /HISTOGRAM=[MINIMUM(@var{x_min})] [MAXIMUM(@var{x_max})]
+ [@{FREQ[(@var{y_max})],PERCENT[(@var{y_max})]@}] [@{NONORMAL,NORMAL@}]
+ /PIECHART=[MINIMUM(@var{x_min})] [MAXIMUM(@var{x_max})]
[@{FREQ,PERCENT@}] [@{NOMISSING,MISSING@}]
(These options are not currently implemented.)
[@{FREQ,PERCENT@}] [@{NOMISSING,MISSING@}]
(These options are not currently implemented.)
-TABLE, the default, causes a frequency table to be output for every
-variable specified. NOTABLE prevents them from being output. LIMIT
+@subcmd{TABLE}, the default, causes a frequency table to be output for every
+variable specified. @subcmd{NOTABLE} prevents them from being output. @subcmd{LIMIT}
with a numeric argument causes them to be output except when there are
more than the specified number of values in the table.
@item
Normally frequency tables are sorted in ascending order by value. This
with a numeric argument causes them to be output except when there are
more than the specified number of values in the table.
@item
Normally frequency tables are sorted in ascending order by value. This
-is AVALUE. DVALUE tables are sorted in descending order by value.
-AFREQ and DFREQ tables are sorted in ascending and descending order,
+is @subcmd{AVALUE}. @subcmd{DVALUE} tables are sorted in descending order by value.
+@subcmd{AFREQ} and @subcmd{DFREQ} tables are sorted in ascending and descending order,
-The MISSING subcommand controls the handling of user-missing values.
-When EXCLUDE, the default, is set, user-missing values are not included
-in frequency tables or statistics. When INCLUDE is set, user-missing
+The @subcmd{MISSING} subcommand controls the handling of user-missing values.
+When @subcmd{EXCLUDE}, the default, is set, user-missing values are not included
+in frequency tables or statistics. When @subcmd{INCLUDE} is set, user-missing
are included. System-missing values are never included in statistics,
but are listed in frequency tables.
are included. System-missing values are never included in statistics,
but are listed in frequency tables.
-The available STATISTICS are the same as available in @cmd{DESCRIPTIVES}
-(@pxref{DESCRIPTIVES}), with the addition of MEDIAN, the data's median
+The available @subcmd{STATISTICS} are the same as available
+in @cmd{DESCRIPTIVES} (@pxref{DESCRIPTIVES}), with the addition
+of @subcmd{MEDIAN}, the data's median
value, and MODE, the mode. (If there are multiple modes, the smallest
value is reported.) By default, the mean, standard deviation of the
mean, minimum, and maximum are reported for each variable.
@cindex percentiles
value, and MODE, the mode. (If there are multiple modes, the smallest
value is reported.) By default, the mean, standard deviation of the
mean, minimum, and maximum are reported for each variable.
@cindex percentiles
-the minimum to the maximum value observed in the data, but the MINIMUM
-and MAXIMUM keywords can set an explicit range. Specify NORMAL to
+the minimum to the maximum value observed in the data, but the @subcmd{MINIMUM}
+and @subcmd{MAXIMUM} keywords can set an explicit range. Specify @subcmd{NORMAL} to
slice represents one value, with the size of the slice proportional to
the value's frequency. By default, all non-missing values are given
slice represents one value, with the size of the slice proportional to
the value's frequency. By default, all non-missing values are given
-slices. The MINIMUM and MAXIMUM keywords can be used to limit the
-displayed slices to a given range of values. The MISSING keyword adds
+slices. The @subcmd{MINIMUM} and @subcmd{MAXIMUM} keywords can be used to limit the
+displayed slices to a given range of values. The @subcmd{MISSING} keyword adds
-The FREQ and PERCENT options on HISTOGRAM and PIECHART are accepted
-but not currently honored.
+The @subcmd{FREQ} and @subcmd{PERCENT} options on @subcmd{HISTOGRAM} and @subcmd{PIECHART} are accepted
+but not currently honoured.
[ @var{factor3} [BY @var{subfactor3}]]
]
/STATISTICS=@{DESCRIPTIVES, EXTREME[(@var{n})], ALL, NONE@}
[ @var{factor3} [BY @var{subfactor3}]]
]
/STATISTICS=@{DESCRIPTIVES, EXTREME[(@var{n})], ALL, NONE@}
- /PLOT=@{BOXPLOT, NPPLOT, HISTOGRAM, ALL, NONE@}
+ /PLOT=@{BOXPLOT, NPPLOT, HISTOGRAM, SPREADLEVEL[(@var{t})], ALL, NONE@}
/CINTERVAL @var{p}
/COMPARE=@{GROUPS,VARIABLES@}
/ID=@var{identity_variable}
/CINTERVAL @var{p}
/COMPARE=@{GROUPS,VARIABLES@}
/ID=@var{identity_variable}
In particular, it is useful for testing how closely a distribution follows a
normal distribution, and for finding outliers and extreme values.
In particular, it is useful for testing how closely a distribution follows a
normal distribution, and for finding outliers and extreme values.
dependent variables.
The dependent variables may optionally be followed by a list of
factors which tell @pspp{} how to break down the analysis for each
dependent variable.
Following the dependent variables, factors may be specified.
dependent variables.
The dependent variables may optionally be followed by a list of
factors which tell @pspp{} how to break down the analysis for each
dependent variable.
Following the dependent variables, factors may be specified.
Each unique combination of the values of @var{factorvar} and
@var{subfactorvar} divide the dataset into @dfn{cells}.
Statistics will be calculated for each cell
Each unique combination of the values of @var{factorvar} and
@var{subfactorvar} divide the dataset into @dfn{cells}.
Statistics will be calculated for each cell
-The STATISTICS subcommand specifies which statistics to show.
-DESCRIPTIVES will produce a table showing some parametric and
+The @subcmd{STATISTICS} subcommand specifies which statistics to show.
+@subcmd{DESCRIPTIVES} will produce a table showing some parametric and
A number in parentheses, @var{n} determines
how many upper and lower extremities to show.
The default number is 5.
A number in parentheses, @var{n} determines
how many upper and lower extremities to show.
The default number is 5.
-The subcommands TOTAL and NOTOTAL are mutually exclusive.
-If TOTAL appears, then statistics will be produced for the entire dataset
+The subcommands @subcmd{TOTAL} and @subcmd{NOTOTAL} are mutually exclusive.
+If @subcmd{TOTAL} appears, then statistics will be produced for the entire dataset
(unless no factor variables have been given).
These subcommands have no effect if there have been no factor variables
specified.
(unless no factor variables have been given).
These subcommands have no effect if there have been no factor variables
specified.
-The PLOT subcommand specifies which plots are to be produced if any.
-Available plots are HISTOGRAM, NPPLOT and BOXPLOT.
-They can all be used to visualise how closely each cell conforms to a
-normal distribution.
+@cindex spreadlevel plot
+The @subcmd{PLOT} subcommand specifies which plots are to be produced if any.
+Available plots are @subcmd{HISTOGRAM}, @subcmd{NPPLOT}, @subcmd{BOXPLOT} and
+@subcmd{SPREADLEVEL}.
+The first three can be used to visualise how closely each cell conforms to a
+normal distribution, whilst the spread vs.@: level plot can be useful to visualise
+how the variance of differs between factors.
-The COMPARE subcommand is only relevant if producing boxplots, and it is only
+The @subcmd{SPREADLEVEL} plot displays the interquartile range versus the
+median. It takes an optional parameter @var{t}, which specifies how the data
+should be transformed prior to plotting.
+The given value @var{t} is a power to which the data is raised. For example, if
+@var{t} is given as 2, then the data will be squared.
+Zero, however is a special value. If @var{t} is 0 or
+is omitted, then data will be transformed by taking its natural logarithm instead of
+raising to the power of @var{t}.
+
+The @subcmd{COMPARE} subcommand is only relevant if producing boxplots, and it is only
-If the /COMPARE subcommand is omitted, then @pspp{} behaves as if
-/COMPARE=GROUPS were given.
+If the @subcmd{/COMPARE} subcommand is omitted, then @pspp{} behaves as if
+@subcmd{/COMPARE=GROUPS} were given.
-The ID subcommand is relevant only if /PLOT=BOXPLOT or
-/STATISTICS=EXTREME has been given.
+The @subcmd{ID} subcommand is relevant only if @subcmd{/PLOT=BOXPLOT} or
+@subcmd{/STATISTICS=EXTREME} has been given.
If given, it shoule provide the name of a variable which is to be used
to labels extreme values and outliers.
Numeric or string variables are permissible.
If given, it shoule provide the name of a variable which is to be used
to labels extreme values and outliers.
Numeric or string variables are permissible.
and which algorithm to use for calculating them. The default is to
calculate the 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95 percentiles using the
and which algorithm to use for calculating them. The default is to
calculate the 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95 percentiles using the
-The TOTAL and NOTOTAL subcommands are mutually exclusive. If NOTOTAL
-is given and factors have been specified in the VARIABLES subcommand,
+The @subcmd{TOTAL} and @subcmd{NOTOTAL} subcommands are mutually exclusive. If @subcmd{NOTOTAL}
+is given and factors have been specified in the @subcmd{VARIABLES} subcommand,
then then statistics for the unfactored dependent variables are
produced in addition to the factored variables. If there are no
then then statistics for the unfactored dependent variables are
produced in addition to the factored variables. If there are no
distinct value
of @var{gender} @emph{and} for each distinct combination of the values
of @var{gender} and @var{race}.
distinct value
of @var{gender} @emph{and} for each distinct combination of the values
of @var{gender} and @var{race}.
@var{score1} and @var{score2} covering the whole dataset are not produced.
@example
EXAMINE @var{score1} @var{score2} BY
@var{score1} and @var{score2} covering the whole dataset are not produced.
@example
EXAMINE @var{score1} @var{score2} BY
A table showing the 3 largest and the 3 smallest values of @var{height} and
@var{weight} for each gender, and for the whole dataset will be shown.
Boxplots will also be produced.
A table showing the 3 largest and the 3 smallest values of @var{height} and
@var{weight} for each gender, and for the whole dataset will be shown.
Boxplots will also be produced.
The @cmd{CORRELATIONS} procedure produces tables of the Pearson correlation coefficient
for a set of variables. The significance of the coefficients are also given.
The @cmd{CORRELATIONS} procedure produces tables of the Pearson correlation coefficient
for a set of variables. The significance of the coefficients are also given.
-At least one VARIABLES subcommand is required. If the WITH keyword is used, then a non-square
-correlation table will be produced.
-The variables preceding WITH, will be used as the rows of the table, and the variables following
-will be the columns of the table.
-If no WITH subcommand is given, then a square, symmetrical table using all variables is produced.
+At least one @subcmd{VARIABLES} subcommand is required. If the @subcmd{WITH}
+keyword is used, then a non-square correlation table will be produced.
+The variables preceding @subcmd{WITH}, will be used as the rows of the table,
+and the variables following will be the columns of the table.
+If no @subcmd{WITH} subcommand is given, then a square, symmetrical table using all variables is produced.
-The PRINT subcommand is used to control how the reported significance values are printed.
-If the TWOTAIL option is used, then a two-tailed test of significance is
-printed. If the ONETAIL option is given, then a one-tailed test is used.
-The default is TWOTAIL.
+The @subcmd{PRINT} subcommand is used to control how the reported significance values are printed.
+If the @subcmd{TWOTAIL} option is used, then a two-tailed test of significance is
+printed. If the @subcmd{ONETAIL} option is given, then a one-tailed test is used.
+The default is @subcmd{TWOTAIL}.
-The STATISTICS subcommand requests additional statistics to be displayed. The keyword
-DESCRIPTIVES requests that the mean, number of non-missing cases, and the non-biased
+The @subcmd{STATISTICS} subcommand requests additional statistics to be displayed. The keyword
+@subcmd{DESCRIPTIVES} requests that the mean, number of non-missing cases, and the non-biased
estimator of the standard deviation are displayed.
These statistics will be displayed in a separated table, for all the variables listed
estimator of the standard deviation are displayed.
These statistics will be displayed in a separated table, for all the variables listed
-in any /VARIABLES subcommand.
-The XPROD keyword requests cross-product deviations and covariance estimators to
+in any @subcmd{/VARIABLES} subcommand.
+The @subcmd{XPROD} keyword requests cross-product deviations and covariance estimators to
/MISSING=@{TABLE,INCLUDE,REPORT@}
/WRITE=@{NONE,CELLS,ALL@}
/FORMAT=@{TABLES,NOTABLES@}
/MISSING=@{TABLE,INCLUDE,REPORT@}
/WRITE=@{NONE,CELLS,ALL@}
/FORMAT=@{TABLES,NOTABLES@}
KAPPA,ETA,CORR,ALL,NONE@}
(Integer mode.)
KAPPA,ETA,CORR,ALL,NONE@}
(Integer mode.)
each cell in the crosstabulation tables. In addition, a number of
statistics can be calculated for each table itself.
each cell in the crosstabulation tables. In addition, a number of
statistics can be calculated for each table itself.
mode}. Normally, in general mode, @pspp{} automatically determines
what values occur in the data. In integer mode, the user specifies the
range of values that the data assumes. To invoke this mode, specify the
mode}. Normally, in general mode, @pspp{} automatically determines
what values occur in the data. In integer mode, the user specifies the
range of values that the data assumes. To invoke this mode, specify the
-VARIABLES subcommand, giving a range of data values in parentheses for
-each variable to be used on the TABLES subcommand. Data values inside
+@subcmd{VARIABLES} subcommand, giving a range of data values in parentheses for
+each variable to be used on the @subcmd{TABLES} subcommand. Data values inside
the range are truncated to the nearest integer, then assigned to that
value. If values occur outside this range, they are discarded. When it
the range are truncated to the nearest integer, then assigned to that
value. If values occur outside this range, they are discarded. When it
subcommand.
In general mode, numeric and string variables may be specified on
TABLES. In integer mode, only numeric variables are allowed.
subcommand.
In general mode, numeric and string variables may be specified on
TABLES. In integer mode, only numeric variables are allowed.
-The MISSING subcommand determines the handling of user-missing values.
-When set to TABLE, the default, missing values are dropped on a table by
-table basis. When set to INCLUDE, user-missing values are included in
-tables and statistics. When set to REPORT, which is allowed only in
+The @subcmd{MISSING} subcommand determines the handling of user-missing values.
+When set to @subcmd{TABLE}, the default, missing values are dropped on a table by
+table basis. When set to @subcmd{INCLUDE}, user-missing values are included in
+tables and statistics. When set to @subcmd{REPORT}, which is allowed only in
integer mode, user-missing values are included in tables but marked with
an @samp{M} (for ``missing'') and excluded from statistical
calculations.
integer mode, user-missing values are included in tables but marked with
an @samp{M} (for ``missing'') and excluded from statistical
calculations.
-TABLES, the default, causes crosstabulation tables to be output.
-NOTABLES suppresses them.
+@subcmd{TABLES}, the default, causes crosstabulation tables to be output.
+@subcmd{NOTABLES} suppresses them.
-PIVOT, the default, causes each TABLES subcommand to be displayed in a
-pivot table format. NOPIVOT causes the old-style crosstabulation format
+@subcmd{PIVOT}, the default, causes each @subcmd{TABLES} subcommand to be displayed in a
+pivot table format. @subcmd{NOPIVOT} causes the old-style crosstabulation format
-AVALUE, the default, causes values to be sorted in ascending order.
-DVALUE asserts a descending sort order.
+@subcmd{AVALUE}, the default, causes values to be sorted in ascending order.
+@subcmd{DVALUE} asserts a descending sort order.
-@samp{/CELLS} without any settings specified requests COUNT, ROW,
-COLUMN, and TOTAL. If CELLS is not specified at all then only COUNT
+@samp{/CELLS} without any settings specified requests @subcmd{COUNT}, @subcmd{ROW},
+@subcmd{COLUMN}, and @subcmd{TOTAL}.
+If @subcmd{CELLS} is not specified at all then only @subcmd{COUNT}
some statistics are calculated only in integer mode.
@samp{/STATISTICS} without any settings selects CHISQ. If the
some statistics are calculated only in integer mode.
@samp{/STATISTICS} without any settings selects CHISQ. If the
-The /EXTRACTION subcommand is used to specify the way in which factors (components) are extracted from the data.
-If PC is specified, then Principal Components Analysis is used. If PAF is specified, then Principal Axis Factoring is
+The @subcmd{/EXTRACTION} subcommand is used to specify the way in which factors (components) are extracted from the data.
+If @subcmd{PC} is specified, then Principal Components Analysis is used.
+If @subcmd{PAF} is specified, then Principal Axis Factoring is
-The /ROTATION subcommand is used to specify the method by which the extracted solution will be rotated.
-Three methods are available: VARIMAX (which is the default), EQUAMAX, and QUARTIMAX.
-If don't want any rotation to be performed, the word NOROTATE will prevent the command from performing any
+The @subcmd{/ROTATION} subcommand is used to specify the method by which the extracted solution will be rotated.
+Three methods are available: @subcmd{VARIMAX} (which is the default), @subcmd{EQUAMAX}, and @subcmd{QUARTIMAX}.
+If don't want any rotation to be performed, the word @subcmd{NOROTATE} will prevent the command from performing any
-The /FORMAT subcommand determined how data are to be displayed in loading matrices. If SORT is specified, then the variables
-are sorted in descending order of significance. If BLANK(@var{n}) is specified, then coefficients whose absolute value is less
-than @var{n} will not be printed. If the keyword DEFAULT is given, or if no /FORMAT subcommand is given, then no sorting is
+The @subcmd{/FORMAT} subcommand determined how data are to be displayed in loading matrices. If @subcmd{SORT} is specified, then the variables
+are sorted in descending order of significance. If @subcmd{BLANK(@var{n})} is specified, then coefficients whose absolute value is less
+than @var{n} will not be printed. If the keyword @subcmd{DEFAULT} is given, or if no @subcmd{/FORMAT} subcommand is given, then no sorting is
-The /CRITERIA subcommand is used to specify how the number of extracted factors (components) are chosen. If FACTORS(@var{n}) is
-specified, where @var{n} is an integer, then @var{n} factors will be extracted. Otherwise, the MINEIGEN setting will
-be used. MINEIGEN(@var{l}) requests that all factors whose eigenvalues are greater than or equal to @var{l} are extracted.
-The default value of @var{l} is 1. The ECONVERGE and ITERATE settings have effect only when iterative algorithms for factor
-extraction (such as Principal Axis Factoring) are used. ECONVERGE(@var{delta}) specifies that iteration should cease when
+The @subcmd{/CRITERIA} subcommand is used to specify how the number of extracted factors (components) are chosen.
+If @subcmd{FACTORS(@var{n})} is
+specified, where @var{n} is an integer, then @var{n} factors will be extracted. Otherwise, the @subcmd{MINEIGEN} setting will
+be used. @subcmd{MINEIGEN(@var{l})} requests that all factors whose eigenvalues are greater than or equal to @var{l} are extracted.
+The default value of @var{l} is 1. The @subcmd{ECONVERGE} and @subcmd{ITERATE} settings have effect only when iterative algorithms for factor
+extraction (such as Principal Axis Factoring) are used. @subcmd{ECONVERGE(@var{delta})} specifies that
+iteration should cease when
the maximum absolute value of the communality estimate between one iteration and the previous is less than @var{delta}. The
default value of @var{delta} is 0.001.
the maximum absolute value of the communality estimate between one iteration and the previous is less than @var{delta}. The
default value of @var{delta} is 0.001.
(either system missing or user missing)
for any of the variables directly involved in their calculation are
encountered.
(either system missing or user missing)
for any of the variables directly involved in their calculation are
encountered.
-This behaviour can be modified with the /MISSING subcommand.
-Three options are possible: TABLE, INCLUDE and DEPENDENT.
+This behaviour can be modified with the @subcmd{/MISSING} subcommand.
+Three options are possible: @subcmd{TABLE}, @subcmd{INCLUDE} and @subcmd{DEPENDENT}.
in the table specification currently being processed, regardless of
whether it is needed to calculate the statistic.
in the table specification currently being processed, regardless of
whether it is needed to calculate the statistic.
variables should be taken at their face value, however cases which
have user missing values for the categorical variables should be omitted
from the calculation.
variables should be taken at their face value, however cases which
have user missing values for the categorical variables should be omitted
from the calculation.
Non parametric tests make very few assumptions about the distribution of the
data.
One or more tests may be specified by using the corresponding subcommand.
Non parametric tests make very few assumptions about the distribution of the
data.
One or more tests may be specified by using the corresponding subcommand.
produces for each variable that is the subject of any test.
Certain tests may take a long time to execute, if an exact figure is required.
Therefore, by default asymptotic approximations are used unless the
produces for each variable that is the subject of any test.
Certain tests may take a long time to execute, if an exact figure is required.
Therefore, by default asymptotic approximations are used unless the
-The time, in minutes, should be specified in parentheses after the TIMER keyword.
-If the TIMER keyword is given without this figure, then a default value of 5 minutes
+The time, in minutes, should be specified in parentheses after the @subcmd{TIMER} keyword.
+If the @subcmd{TIMER} keyword is given without this figure, then a default value of 5 minutes
variable with that of a binomial distribution.
The variable @var{p} specifies the test proportion of the binomial
distribution.
variable with that of a binomial distribution.
The variable @var{p} specifies the test proportion of the binomial
distribution.
between the expected and observed frequencies of the categories of a variable.
Optionally, a range of values may appear after the variable list.
If a range is given, then non integer values are truncated, and values
outside the specified range are excluded from the analysis.
between the expected and observed frequencies of the categories of a variable.
Optionally, a range of values may appear after the variable list.
If a range is given, then non integer values are truncated, and values
outside the specified range are excluded from the analysis.
-category, or the EQUAL keywork must be specified.
-You may use the notation @var{n}*@var{f} to specify @var{n}
+category, or the @subcmd{EQUAL} keywork must be specified.
+You may use the notation @subcmd{@var{n}*@var{f}} to specify @var{n}
consecutive expected categories all taking a frequency of @var{f}.
The frequencies given are proportions, not absolute frequencies. The
sum of the frequencies need not be 1.
consecutive expected categories all taking a frequency of @var{f}.
The frequencies given are proportions, not absolute frequencies. The
sum of the frequencies need not be 1.
-A list of variables which contain the measured data must be given. The procedure prints the sum of ranks for each variable, the test statistic and its significance.
+A list of variables which contain the measured data must be given. The procedure
+prints the sum of ranks for each variable, the test statistic and its significance.
- [ /KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV (@{NORMAL [@var{mu}, @var{sigma}], UNIFORM [@var{min}, @var{max}], POISSON [@var{lambda}], EXPONENTIAL [@var{scale}] @}) = varlist ]
+ [ /KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV (@{NORMAL [@var{mu}, @var{sigma}], UNIFORM [@var{min}, @var{max}], POISSON [@var{lambda}], EXPONENTIAL [@var{scale}] @}) = @var{var_list} ]
@end display
The Kruskal-Wallis test is used to compare data from an
arbitrary number of populations. It does not assume normality.
@end display
The Kruskal-Wallis test is used to compare data from an
arbitrary number of populations. It does not assume normality.
The categorical variable determining the groups to which the
data belongs is given by @var{var}. The limits @var{lower} and
@var{upper} specify the valid range of @var{var}. Any cases for
The categorical variable determining the groups to which the
data belongs is given by @var{var}. The limits @var{lower} and
@var{upper} specify the valid range of @var{var}. Any cases for
The mean rank of each group as well as the chi-squared value and significance
of the test will be printed.
The mean rank of each group as well as the chi-squared value and significance
of the test will be printed.
-The variables to be tested should be specified in @var{varlist} and the grouping variable, that determines to which group the test variables belong, in @var{var}.
+The variables to be tested should be specified in @var{var_list} and the grouping variable, that determines to which group the test variables belong, in @var{var}.
@var{Var} may be either a string or an alpha variable.
@var{Group1} and @var{group2} specify the
two values of @var{var} which determine the groups of the test data.
Cases for which the @var{var} value is neither @var{group1} or @var{group2} will be ignored.
The value of the Mann-Whitney U statistic, the Wilcoxon W, and the significance will be printed.
@var{Var} may be either a string or an alpha variable.
@var{Group1} and @var{group2} specify the
two values of @var{var} which determine the groups of the test data.
Cases for which the @var{var} value is neither @var{group1} or @var{group2} will be ignored.
The value of the Mann-Whitney U statistic, the Wilcoxon W, and the significance will be printed.
@end display
The median test is used to test whether independent samples come from
populations with a common median.
The median of the populations against which the samples are to be tested
may be given in parentheses immediately after the
@end display
The median test is used to test whether independent samples come from
populations with a common median.
The median of the populations against which the samples are to be tested
may be given in parentheses immediately after the
union of all the samples.
The variables of the samples to be tested should immediately follow the @samp{=} sign. The
union of all the samples.
The variables of the samples to be tested should immediately follow the @samp{=} sign. The
- [ /RUNS (@{MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE, value@}) = varlist ]
+ [ /RUNS (@{MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE, @var{value}@}) = @var{var_list} ]
It works by examining the number of times a variable's value crosses a given threshold.
The desired threshold must be specified within parentheses.
It works by examining the number of times a variable's value crosses a given threshold.
The desired threshold must be specified within parentheses.
variables listed.
The test does not make any assumptions about the variances of the samples.
It does however assume that the distribution is symetrical.
variables listed.
The test does not make any assumptions about the variances of the samples.
It does however assume that the distribution is symetrical.
-If the @code{WITH} keyword is given, and the @code{(PAIRED)} keyword
-is also given, then the number of variables preceding @code{WITH}
+If the @subcmd{WITH} keyword is given, and the @subcmd{(PAIRED)} keyword
+is also given, then the number of variables preceding @subcmd{WITH}
must be the same as the number following it.
In this case, tests for each respective pair of variables are
performed.
must be the same as the number following it.
In this case, tests for each respective pair of variables are
performed.
-If the @code{WITH} keyword is given, but the
-@code{(PAIRED)} keyword is omitted, then tests for each combination
-of variable preceding @code{WITH} against variable following
-@code{WITH} are performed.
+If the @subcmd{WITH} keyword is given, but the
+@subcmd{(PAIRED)} keyword is omitted, then tests for each combination
+of variable preceding @subcmd{WITH} against variable following
+@subcmd{WITH} are performed.
-If LISTWISE is set, then the entire case is excluded from analysis
-whenever any variable specified in the @cmd{/VARIABLES}, @cmd{/PAIRS} or
-@cmd{/GROUPS} subcommands contains a missing value.
-If ANALYSIS is set, then missing values are excluded only in the analysis for
+If @subcmd{LISTWISE} is set, then the entire case is excluded from analysis
+whenever any variable specified in the @subcmd{/VARIABLES}, @subcmd{/PAIRS} or
+@subcmd{/GROUPS} subcommands contains a missing value.
+If @subcmd{ANALYSIS} is set, then missing values are excluded only in the analysis for
variable which determines to which group the samples belong.
The values in parentheses are the specific values of the independent
variable for each group.
variable which determines to which group the samples belong.
The values in parentheses are the specific values of the independent
variable for each group.
If you do this, cases where the independent variable is
greater than or equal to this value belong to the first group, and cases
less than this value belong to the second group.
If you do this, cases where the independent variable is
greater than or equal to this value belong to the first group, and cases
less than this value belong to the second group.
@subsection Paired Samples Mode
The @cmd{PAIRS} subcommand introduces Paired Samples mode.
Use this mode when repeated measures have been taken from the same
samples.
@subsection Paired Samples Mode
The @cmd{PAIRS} subcommand introduces Paired Samples mode.
Use this mode when repeated measures have been taken from the same
samples.
-If the @code{WITH} keyword is given, and the @code{(PAIRED)} keyword
-is also given, then the number of variables preceding @code{WITH}
+If the @subcmd{WITH} keyword is given, and the @subcmd{(PAIRED)} keyword
+is also given, then the number of variables preceding @subcmd{WITH}
must be the same as the number following it.
In this case, tables for each respective pair of variables are
generated.
must be the same as the number following it.
In this case, tables for each respective pair of variables are
generated.
-In the event that the @code{WITH} keyword is given, but the
-@code{(PAIRED)} keyword is omitted, then tables for each combination
-of variable preceding @code{WITH} against variable following
-@code{WITH} are generated.
+In the event that the @subcmd{WITH} keyword is given, but the
+@subcmd{(PAIRED)} keyword is omitted, then tables for each combination
+of variable preceding @subcmd{WITH} against variable following
+@subcmd{WITH} are generated.
- /POSTHOC=@{BONFERRONI, GH, LSD, SCHEFFE, SIDAK, TUKEY, ALPHA ([value])@}
+ /POSTHOC=@{BONFERRONI, GH, LSD, SCHEFFE, SIDAK, TUKEY, ALPHA ([@var{value}])@}
differences between the groups.
The subcommand must be followed by a list of numerals which are the
coefficients of the groups to be tested.
differences between the groups.
The subcommand must be followed by a list of numerals which are the
coefficients of the groups to be tested.
groups (or values of the independent variable).
If the total sum of the coefficients are not zero, then @pspp{} will
display a warning, but will proceed with the analysis.
groups (or values of the independent variable).
If the total sum of the coefficients are not zero, then @pspp{} will
display a warning, but will proceed with the analysis.
-The @code{MISSING} subcommand defines how missing values are handled.
-If LISTWISE is specified then cases which have missing values for
+The @subcmd{MISSING} subcommand defines how missing values are handled.
+If @subcmd{LISTWISE} is specified then cases which have missing values for
-analysed is missing. The default is ANALYSIS.
-A setting of EXCLUDE means that variables whose values are
+analysed is missing. The default is @subcmd{ANALYSIS}.
+A setting of @subcmd{EXCLUDE} means that variables whose values are
Using the @code{POSTHOC} subcommand you can perform multiple
pairwise comparisons on the data. The following comparison methods
are available:
@itemize
Using the @code{POSTHOC} subcommand you can perform multiple
pairwise comparisons on the data. The following comparison methods
are available:
@itemize
[/CRITERIA=CLUSTERS(@var{k}) [MXITER(@var{max_iter})]]
[/MISSING=@{EXCLUDE,INCLUDE@} @{LISTWISE, PAIRWISE@}]
@end display
[/CRITERIA=CLUSTERS(@var{k}) [MXITER(@var{max_iter})]]
[/MISSING=@{EXCLUDE,INCLUDE@} @{LISTWISE, PAIRWISE@}]
@end display
The minimum specification is @samp{QUICK CLUSTER} followed by the names
of the variables which contain the cluster data. Normally you will also
The minimum specification is @samp{QUICK CLUSTER} followed by the names
of the variables which contain the cluster data. Normally you will also
number of clusters. If this is not given, then @var{k} defaults to 2.
The command uses an iterative algorithm to determine the clusters for
each case. It will continue iterating until convergence, or until @var{max_iter}
iterations have been done. The default value of @var{max_iter} is 2.
number of clusters. If this is not given, then @var{k} defaults to 2.
The command uses an iterative algorithm to determine the clusters for
each case. It will continue iterating until convergence, or until @var{max_iter}
iterations have been done. The default value of @var{max_iter} is 2.
-The @cmd{MISSING} subcommand determines the handling of missing variables.
-If INCLUDE is set, then user-missing values are considered at their face
+The @subcmd{MISSING} subcommand determines the handling of missing variables.
+If @subcmd{INCLUDE} is set, then user-missing values are considered at their face
clustering variables contain missing values. Otherwise it is clustered
on the basis of the non-missing values.
clustering variables contain missing values. Otherwise it is clustered
on the basis of the non-missing values.
/TIES=@{MEAN,LOW,HIGH,CONDENSE@}
/FRACTION=@{BLOM,TUKEY,VW,RANKIT@}
/PRINT[=@{YES,NO@}
/MISSING=@{EXCLUDE,INCLUDE@}
/TIES=@{MEAN,LOW,HIGH,CONDENSE@}
/FRACTION=@{BLOM,TUKEY,VW,RANKIT@}
/PRINT[=@{YES,NO@}
/MISSING=@{EXCLUDE,INCLUDE@}
- /RANK [INTO var_list]
- /NTILES(k) [INTO var_list]
- /NORMAL [INTO var_list]
- /PERCENT [INTO var_list]
- /RFRACTION [INTO var_list]
- /PROPORTION [INTO var_list]
- /N [INTO var_list]
- /SAVAGE [INTO var_list]
+ /RANK [INTO @var{var_list}]
+ /NTILES(k) [INTO @var{var_list}]
+ /NORMAL [INTO @var{var_list}]
+ /PERCENT [INTO @var{var_list}]
+ /RFRACTION [INTO @var{var_list}]
+ /PROPORTION [INTO @var{var_list}]
+ /N [INTO @var{var_list}]
+ /SAVAGE [INTO @var{var_list}]
more variables whose values are to be ranked.
After each variable, @samp{A} or @samp{D} may appear, indicating that
the variable is to be ranked in ascending or descending order.
Ascending is the default.
more variables whose values are to be ranked.
After each variable, @samp{A} or @samp{D} may appear, indicating that
the variable is to be ranked in ascending or descending order.
Ascending is the default.
which are to serve as group variables.
In this case, the cases are gathered into groups, and ranks calculated
for each group.
which are to serve as group variables.
In this case, the cases are gathered into groups, and ranks calculated
for each group.
-The FRACTION subcommand specifies how proportional ranks are to be
-calculated. This only has any effect if NORMAL or PROPORTIONAL rank
+The @subcmd{FRACTION} subcommand specifies how proportional ranks are to be
+calculated. This only has any effect if @subcmd{NORMAL} or @subcmd{PROPORTIONAL} rank
-The function subcommands are RANK, NTILES, NORMAL, PERCENT, RFRACTION,
-PROPORTION and SAVAGE. Any number of function subcommands may appear.
+The function subcommands are @subcmd{RANK}, @subcmd{NTILES}, @subcmd{NORMAL}, @subcmd{PERCENT}, @subcmd{RFRACTION},
+@subcmd{PROPORTION} and @subcmd{SAVAGE}. Any number of function subcommands may appear.
variables which are the variables to be created and receive the rank
scores. There may be as many variables specified as there are
variables which are the variables to be created and receive the rank
scores. There may be as many variables specified as there are
-The MISSING subcommand determines how user missing values are to be
-treated. A setting of EXCLUDE means that variables whose values are
+The @subcmd{MISSING} subcommand determines how user missing values are to be
+treated. A setting of @subcmd{EXCLUDE} means that variables whose values are
- /VARIABLES=var_list
- /SCALE (@var{name}) = @{var_list, ALL@}
- /MODEL=@{ALPHA, SPLIT[(N)]@}
+ /VARIABLES=@var{var_list}
+ /SCALE (@var{name}) = @{@var{var_list}, ALL@}
+ /MODEL=@{ALPHA, SPLIT[(@var{n})]@}
-The MODEL subcommand determines the type of analysis. If ALPHA is specified,
-then Cronbach's Alpha is calculated for the scale. If the model is SPLIT,
+The @subcmd{MODEL} subcommand determines the type of analysis. If @subcmd{ALPHA} is specified,
+then Cronbach's Alpha is calculated for the scale. If the model is @subcmd{SPLIT},
-@var{N} may be given, to specify how many variables to be in the first subset.
-If @var{N} is omitted, then it defaults to one half of the variables in the
+@var{n} may be given, to specify how many variables to be in the first subset.
+If @var{n} is omitted, then it defaults to one half of the variables in the
-in the VARIABLES subcommand will be omitted from analysis.
-The MISSING subcommand determines whether user missing values are to
+in the @subcmd{VARIABLES} subcommand will be omitted from analysis.
+The @subcmd{MISSING} subcommand determines whether user missing values are to
-The SUMMARY subcommand determines the type of summary analysis to be performed.
-Currently there is only one type: SUMMARY=TOTAL, which displays per-item
+The @subcmd{SUMMARY} subcommand determines the type of summary analysis to be performed.
+Currently there is only one type: @subcmd{SUMMARY=TOTAL}, which displays per-item
The variable @var{state_var} is the variable whose values represent the actual states,
and @var{state_value} is the value of this variable which represents the positive state.
The variable @var{state_var} is the variable whose values represent the actual states,
and @var{state_value} is the value of this variable which represents the positive state.
-The optional subcommand PLOT is used to determine if and how the ROC curve is drawn.
-The keyword CURVE means that the ROC curve should be drawn, and the optional keyword REFERENCE,
+The optional subcommand @subcmd{PLOT} is used to determine if and how the @subcmd{ROC} curve is drawn.
+The keyword @subcmd{CURVE} means that the @subcmd{ROC} curve should be drawn, and the optional keyword @subcmd{REFERENCE},
-@item The TESTPOS parameter may be LARGE or SMALL.
-LARGE is the default, and says that larger values in the predictor variables are to be
-considered positive. SMALL indicates that smaller values should be considered positive.
+@item The @subcmd{TESTPOS} parameter may be @subcmd{LARGE} or @subcmd{SMALL}.
+@subcmd{LARGE} is the default, and says that larger values in the predictor variables are to be
+considered positive. @subcmd{SMALL} indicates that smaller values should be considered positive.
-@item The CI parameter specifies the confidence interval that should be printed.
-It has no effect if the SE keyword in the PRINT subcommand has not been given.
+@item The @subcmd{CI} parameter specifies the confidence interval that should be printed.
+It has no effect if the @subcmd{SE} keyword in the @subcmd{PRINT} subcommand has not been given.
-There are two possibilities, @i{viz}: FREE and NEGEXPO.
-The FREE method uses a non-parametric estimate, and the NEGEXPO method a bi-negative
+There are two possibilities, @i{viz}: @subcmd{FREE} and @subcmd{NEGEXPO}.
+The @subcmd{FREE} method uses a non-parametric estimate, and the @subcmd{NEGEXPO} method a bi-negative
be included or excluded in the analysis. The default behaviour is to
exclude them.
Cases are excluded on a listwise basis; if any of the variables in @var{var_list}
be included or excluded in the analysis. The default behaviour is to
exclude them.
Cases are excluded on a listwise basis; if any of the variables in @var{var_list}