1 /* PSPP - a program for statistical analysis.
2 Copyright (C) 2007, 2009, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
5 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
6 the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
7 (at your option) any later version.
9 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
10 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
12 GNU General Public License for more details.
14 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
15 along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */
18 #define LIBPSPP_ABT_H 1
20 /* Augmented binary tree (ABT) data structure.
22 A data structure can be "augmented" by defining new
23 information for it to maintain. One commonly useful way to
24 augment a binary search tree-based data structure is to define
25 part of its data as a function of its immediate children's
26 data. Furthermore, augmented data defined in this way can be
27 efficiently maintained as the tree changes over time.
29 For example, suppose we define the "size" of a node as the sum
30 of the "size" of its immediate children, plus 1. In such an
31 annotated BST with height H, we can find the node that would
32 be Kth in in-order traversal in O(H) time, instead of O(K)
33 time, which is a significant saving for balanced trees.
35 The ABT data structure partially abstracts augmentation. The
36 client passes in a "reaugmentation" function that accepts a
37 node and its left and right children. This function must
38 recalculate the node's augmentation data based on its own
39 contents and the contents of its children, and store the new
40 augmentation data in the node.
42 The ABT automatically calls the reaugmentation function
43 whenever it can tell that a node's augmentation data might
44 need to be updated: when the node is inserted or when a node's
45 descendants change due to insertion or deletion. The ABT does
46 not know to call the reaugmentation function if a node's data
47 is updated while it is in the ABT. In such a case, call the
48 abt_reaugmented or abt_changed function to update the
51 Augmentation is only partially abstracted: we do not provide
52 any way to search an ABT based on its augmentations. The
53 tree structure is thus exposed to the client to allow it to
56 To allow for optimization, the ABT implementation assumes that
57 the augmentation function in use is unaffected by the shape of
58 a binary search tree. That is, if a given subtree within a
59 larger tree is rearranged, e.g. via a series of rotations,
60 then the implementation will not call the reaugmentation
61 function outside of the subtree, because the overall
62 augmentation data for the subtree is assumed not to change.
63 This optimization is valid for the forms of augmentation
64 described in CLR and Knuth (see below), and it is possible
65 that it is valid for every efficient binary search tree
68 The client should not need to be aware of the form of
69 balancing applied to the ABT, as its operation should be fully
70 encapsulated by the reaugmentation function. The current
71 implementation uses an AA (Arne Andersson) tree, but this is
74 The following example illustrates how to use an ABT to build a
75 tree that can be searched either by a data value or in-order
81 struct abt_node node; // Embedded binary tree element.
82 int data; // Primary value.
83 int count; // Number of nodes in subtree,
84 // including this node.
87 // Returns the `struct element' that NODE is embedded within.
88 static struct element *
89 node_to_element (const struct abt_node *node)
91 return abt_data (node, struct element, node);
94 // Compares the DATA values in A and B and returns a
95 // strcmp-type return value.
97 compare_elements (const struct abt_node *a_, const struct abt_node *b_,
100 const struct element *a = node_to_element (a_);
101 const struct element *b = node_to_element (b_);
103 return a->data < b->data ? -1 : a->data > b->data;
106 // Recalculates the count for NODE's subtree by adding up the
107 // counts for its LEFT and RIGHT child subtrees.
109 reaugment_elements (struct abt_node *node_,
110 const struct abt_node *left,
111 const struct abt_node *right,
114 struct element *node = node_to_element (node_);
117 node->count += node_to_element (left)->count;
119 node->count += node_to_element (right)->count;
122 // Finds and returns the element in ABT that is in the given
123 // 0-based POSITION in in-order.
124 static struct element *
125 find_by_position (struct abt *abt, int position)
128 for (p = abt->root; p != NULL; )
130 int p_pos = p->down[0] ? node_to_element (p->down[0])->count : 0;
131 if (position == p_pos)
132 return node_to_element (p);
133 else if (position < p_pos)
138 position -= p_pos + 1;
144 For more information on augmenting binary search tree-based
145 data structures, see Cormen-Leiserson-Rivest, chapter 15, or
146 Knuth vol. 3, section 6.2.3, under "Linear list
147 representation." For more information on AA trees, see
148 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA_tree>, which includes source
149 code and links to other resources, such as the original AA
153 #include "libpspp/cast.h"
155 /* Returns the data structure corresponding to the given NODE,
156 assuming that NODE is embedded as the given MEMBER name in
158 #define abt_data(NODE, STRUCT, MEMBER) \
159 (CHECK_POINTER_HAS_TYPE (NODE, struct abt_node *), \
160 UP_CAST (NODE, STRUCT, MEMBER))
162 /* Node in an augmented binary tree. */
165 struct abt_node *up; /* Parent (NULL for root). */
166 struct abt_node *down[2]; /* Left child, right child. */
167 int level; /* AA tree level (not ordinary BST level). */
170 /* Compares nodes A and B, with the tree's AUX.
171 Returns a strcmp-like result. */
172 typedef int abt_compare_func (const struct abt_node *a,
173 const struct abt_node *b,
176 /* Recalculates NODE's augmentation based on NODE's data and that
177 of its LEFT and RIGHT children, with the tree's AUX. */
178 typedef void abt_reaugment_func (struct abt_node *node,
179 const struct abt_node *left,
180 const struct abt_node *right,
183 /* An augmented binary tree. */
186 struct abt_node *root; /* Tree's root, NULL if empty. */
187 abt_compare_func *compare; /* To compare nodes. */
188 abt_reaugment_func *reaugment; /* To augment a node using its children. */
189 const void *aux; /* Auxiliary data. */
192 void abt_init (struct abt *, abt_compare_func *, abt_reaugment_func *,
195 struct abt_node *abt_insert (struct abt *, struct abt_node *);
196 void abt_insert_after (struct abt *,
197 const struct abt_node *, struct abt_node *);
198 void abt_insert_before (struct abt *,
199 const struct abt_node *, struct abt_node *);
200 void abt_delete (struct abt *, struct abt_node *);
202 struct abt_node *abt_first (const struct abt *);
203 struct abt_node *abt_last (const struct abt *);
204 struct abt_node *abt_find (const struct abt *, const struct abt_node *);
205 struct abt_node *abt_next (const struct abt *, const struct abt_node *);
206 struct abt_node *abt_prev (const struct abt *, const struct abt_node *);
208 void abt_reaugmented (const struct abt *, struct abt_node *);
209 struct abt_node *abt_changed (struct abt *, struct abt_node *);
210 void abt_moved (struct abt *, struct abt_node *);
212 #endif /* libpspp/abt.h */