1 @node Data Input and Output, System and Portable Files, Expressions, Top
2 @chapter Data Input and Output
9 Data are the focus of the PSPP language.
10 Each datum belongs to a @dfn{case} (also called an @dfn{observation}).
11 Each case represents an individual or ``experimental unit''.
12 For example, in the results of a survey, the names of the respondents,
13 their sex, age, etc.@: and their responses are all data and the data
14 pertaining to single respondent is a case.
16 the PSPP commands for defining variables and reading and writing data.
19 These commands tell PSPP how to read data, but the data will not
20 actually be read until a procedure is executed.
24 * BEGIN DATA:: Embed data within a syntax file.
25 * CLEAR TRANSFORMATIONS:: Clear pending transformations.
26 * CLOSE FILE HANDLE:: Close a file handle.
27 * DATA LIST:: Fundamental data reading command.
28 * END CASE:: Output the current case.
29 * END FILE:: Terminate the current input program.
30 * FILE HANDLE:: Support for special file formats.
31 * INPUT PROGRAM:: Support for complex input programs.
32 * LIST:: List cases in the active file.
33 * MATRIX DATA:: Read matrices in text format.
34 * NEW FILE:: Clear the active file and dictionary.
35 * PRINT:: Display values in print formats.
36 * PRINT EJECT:: Eject the current page then print.
37 * PRINT SPACE:: Print blank lines.
38 * REREAD:: Take another look at the previous input line.
39 * REPEATING DATA:: Multiple cases on a single line.
40 * WRITE:: Display values in write formats.
47 @cindex Embedding data in syntax files
48 @cindex Data, embedding in syntax files
56 @cmd{BEGIN DATA} and @cmd{END DATA} can be used to embed raw ASCII
57 data in a PSPP syntax file. @cmd{DATA LIST} or another input
58 procedure must be used before @cmd{BEGIN DATA} (@pxref{DATA LIST}).
59 @cmd{BEGIN DATA} and @cmd{END DATA} must be used together. @cmd{END
60 DATA} must appear by itself on a single line, with no leading
61 white space and exactly one space between the words @code{END} and
62 @code{DATA}, like this:
68 @node CLEAR TRANSFORMATIONS
69 @section CLEAR TRANSFORMATIONS
70 @vindex CLEAR TRANSFORMATIONS
73 CLEAR TRANSFORMATIONS.
76 @cmd{CLEAR TRANSFORMATIONS} clears out all pending
77 transformations. It does not cancel the current input program.
79 @node CLOSE FILE HANDLE
80 @section CLOSE FILE HANDLE
83 CLOSE FILE HANDLE handle_name.
86 @cmd{CLOSE FILE HANDLE} disassociates the name of a file handle with a
87 given file. The only specification is the name of the handle to close.
91 If the file handle name refers to a scratch file, then the storage
92 associated with the scratch file in memory or on disk will be freed.
93 If the scratch file is in use, e.g.@: it has been specified on a
94 @cmd{GET} command whose execution has not completed, then freeing is
95 delayed until it is no longer in use.
97 The file named INLINE, which represents data entered between @cmd{BEGIN
98 DATA} and @cmd{END DATA}, cannot be closed. Attempts to close it with
99 @cmd{CLOSE FILE HANDLE} have no effect.
101 @cmd{CLOSE FILE HANDLE} is a PSPP extension.
106 @cindex reading data from a file
107 @cindex data, reading from a file
108 @cindex data, embedding in syntax files
109 @cindex embedding data in syntax files
111 Used to read text or binary data, @cmd{DATA LIST} is the most
112 fundamental data-reading command. Even the more sophisticated input
113 methods use @cmd{DATA LIST} commands as a building block.
114 Understanding @cmd{DATA LIST} is important to understanding how to use
115 PSPP to read your data files.
117 There are two major variants of @cmd{DATA LIST}, which are fixed
118 format and free format. In addition, free format has a minor variant,
119 list format, which is discussed in terms of its differences from vanilla
122 Each form of @cmd{DATA LIST} is described in detail below.
125 * DATA LIST FIXED:: Fixed columnar locations for data.
126 * DATA LIST FREE:: Any spacing you like.
127 * DATA LIST LIST:: Each case must be on a single line.
130 @node DATA LIST FIXED
131 @subsection DATA LIST FIXED
132 @vindex DATA LIST FIXED
133 @cindex reading fixed-format data
134 @cindex fixed-format data, reading
135 @cindex data, fixed-format, reading
136 @cindex embedding fixed-format data
144 /[line_no] var_spec@dots{}
146 where each var_spec takes one of the forms
147 var_list start-end [type_spec]
148 var_list (fortran_spec)
151 @cmd{DATA LIST FIXED} is used to read data files that have values at fixed
152 positions on each line of single-line or multiline records. The
153 keyword FIXED is optional.
155 The FILE subcommand must be used if input is to be taken from an
156 external file. It may be used to specify a filename as a string or a
157 file handle (@pxref{File Handles}). If the FILE subcommand is not used,
158 then input is assumed to be specified within the command file using
159 @cmd{BEGIN DATA}@dots{}@cmd{END DATA} (@pxref{BEGIN DATA}).
161 The optional RECORDS subcommand, which takes a single integer as an
162 argument, is used to specify the number of lines per record. If RECORDS
163 is not specified, then the number of lines per record is calculated from
164 the list of variable specifications later in @cmd{DATA LIST}.
166 The END subcommand is only useful in conjunction with @cmd{INPUT
167 PROGRAM}. @xref{INPUT PROGRAM}, for details.
169 @cmd{DATA LIST} can optionally output a table describing how the data file
170 will be read. The TABLE subcommand enables this output, and NOTABLE
171 disables it. The default is to output the table.
173 The list of variables to be read from the data list must come last.
174 Each line in the data record is introduced by a slash (@samp{/}).
175 Optionally, a line number may follow the slash. Following, any number
176 of variable specifications may be present.
178 Each variable specification consists of a list of variable names
179 followed by a description of their location on the input line. Sets of
180 variables may be specified using the @code{DATA LIST} TO convention
182 Variables}). There are two ways to specify the location of the variable
183 on the line: columnar style and FORTRAN style.
185 In columnar style, the starting column and ending column for the field
186 are specified after the variable name, separated by a dash (@samp{-}).
187 For instance, the third through fifth columns on a line would be
188 specified @samp{3-5}. By default, variables are considered to be in
189 @samp{F} format (@pxref{Input/Output Formats}). (This default can be
190 changed; see @ref{SET} for more information.)
192 In columnar style, to use a variable format other than the default,
193 specify the format type in parentheses after the column numbers. For
194 instance, for alphanumeric @samp{A} format, use @samp{(A)}.
196 In addition, implied decimal places can be specified in parentheses
197 after the column numbers. As an example, suppose that a data file has a
198 field in which the characters @samp{1234} should be interpreted as
199 having the value 12.34. Then this field has two implied decimal places,
200 and the corresponding specification would be @samp{(2)}. If a field
201 that has implied decimal places contains a decimal point, then the
202 implied decimal places are not applied.
204 Changing the variable format and adding implied decimal places can be
205 done together; for instance, @samp{(N,5)}.
207 When using columnar style, the input and output width of each variable is
208 computed from the field width. The field width must be evenly divisible
209 into the number of variables specified.
211 FORTRAN style is an altogether different approach to specifying field
212 locations. With this approach, a list of variable input format
213 specifications, separated by commas, are placed after the variable names
214 inside parentheses. Each format specifier advances as many characters
215 into the input line as it uses.
217 Implied decimal places also exist in FORTRAN style. A format
218 specification with @var{d} decimal places also has @var{d} implied
221 In addition to the standard format specifiers (@pxref{Input/Output
222 Formats}), FORTRAN style defines some extensions:
226 Advance the current column on this line by one character position.
228 @item @code{T}@var{x}
229 Set the current column on this line to column @var{x}, with column
230 numbers considered to begin with 1 at the left margin.
232 @item @code{NEWREC}@var{x}
233 Skip forward @var{x} lines in the current record, resetting the active
234 column to the left margin.
237 Any format specifier may be preceded by a number. This causes the
238 action of that format specifier to be repeated the specified number of
241 @item (@var{spec1}, @dots{}, @var{specN})
242 Group the given specifiers together. This is most useful when preceded
243 by a repeat count. Groups may be nested arbitrarily.
246 FORTRAN and columnar styles may be freely intermixed. Columnar style
247 leaves the active column immediately after the ending column
248 specified. Record motion using @code{NEWREC} in FORTRAN style also
249 applies to later FORTRAN and columnar specifiers.
252 * DATA LIST FIXED Examples:: Examples of DATA LIST FIXED.
255 @node DATA LIST FIXED Examples
256 @unnumberedsubsubsec Examples
261 DATA LIST TABLE /NAME 1-10 (A) INFO1 TO INFO3 12-17 (1).
270 Defines the following variables:
274 @code{NAME}, a 10-character-wide long string variable, in columns 1
278 @code{INFO1}, a numeric variable, in columns 12 through 13.
281 @code{INFO2}, a numeric variable, in columns 14 through 15.
284 @code{INFO3}, a numeric variable, in columns 16 through 17.
287 The @code{BEGIN DATA}/@code{END DATA} commands cause three cases to be
291 Case NAME INFO1 INFO2 INFO3
292 1 John Smith 10 23 11
293 2 Bob Arnold 12 20 15
297 The @code{TABLE} keyword causes PSPP to print out a table
298 describing the four variables defined.
302 DAT LIS FIL="survey.dat"
303 /ID 1-5 NAME 7-36 (A) SURNAME 38-67 (A) MINITIAL 69 (A)
308 Defines the following variables:
312 @code{ID}, a numeric variable, in columns 1-5 of the first record.
315 @code{NAME}, a 30-character long string variable, in columns 7-36 of the
319 @code{SURNAME}, a 30-character long string variable, in columns 38-67 of
323 @code{MINITIAL}, a 1-character short string variable, in column 69 of
327 Fifty variables @code{Q01}, @code{Q02}, @code{Q03}, @dots{}, @code{Q49},
328 @code{Q50}, all numeric, @code{Q01} in column 7, @code{Q02} in column 8,
329 @dots{}, @code{Q49} in column 55, @code{Q50} in column 56, all in the second
333 Cases are separated by a blank record.
335 Data is read from file @file{survey.dat} in the current directory.
337 This example shows keywords abbreviated to their first 3 letters.
342 @subsection DATA LIST FREE
343 @vindex DATA LIST FREE
347 [(@{TAB,'c'@}, @dots{})]
353 where each var_spec takes one of the forms
354 var_list [(type_spec)]
358 In free format, the input data is, by default, structured as a series
359 of fields separated by spaces, tabs, commas, or line breaks. Each
360 field's content may be unquoted, or it may be quoted with a pairs of
361 apostrophes (@samp{'}) or double quotes (@samp{"}). Unquoted white
362 space separates fields but is not part of any field. Any mix of
363 spaces, tabs, and line breaks is equivalent to a single space for the
364 purpose of separating fields, but consecutive commas will skip a
367 Alternatively, delimiters can be specified explicitly, as a
368 parenthesized, comma-separated list of single-character strings
369 immediately following FREE. The word TAB may also be used to specify
370 a tab character as a delimiter. When delimiters are specified
371 explicitly, only the given characters, plus line breaks, separate
372 fields. Furthermore, leading spaces at the beginnings of fields are
373 not trimmed, consecutive delimiters define empty fields, and no form
374 of quoting is allowed.
376 The NOTABLE and TABLE subcommands are as in @cmd{DATA LIST FIXED} above.
377 NOTABLE is the default.
379 The FILE and END subcommands are as in @cmd{DATA LIST FIXED} above.
381 The variables to be parsed are given as a single list of variable names.
382 This list must be introduced by a single slash (@samp{/}). The set of
383 variable names may contain format specifications in parentheses
384 (@pxref{Input/Output Formats}). Format specifications apply to all
385 variables back to the previous parenthesized format specification.
387 In addition, an asterisk may be used to indicate that all variables
388 preceding it are to have input/output format @samp{F8.0}.
390 Specified field widths are ignored on input, although all normal limits
391 on field width apply, but they are honored on output.
394 @subsection DATA LIST LIST
395 @vindex DATA LIST LIST
399 [(@{TAB,'c'@}, @dots{})]
405 where each var_spec takes one of the forms
406 var_list [(type_spec)]
410 With one exception, @cmd{DATA LIST LIST} is syntactically and
411 semantically equivalent to @cmd{DATA LIST FREE}. The exception is
412 that each input line is expected to correspond to exactly one input
413 record. If more or fewer fields are found on an input line than
414 expected, an appropriate diagnostic is issued.
424 @cmd{END CASE} is used only within @cmd{INPUT PROGRAM} to output the
425 current case. @xref{INPUT PROGRAM}, for details.
435 @cmd{END FILE} is used only within @cmd{INPUT PROGRAM} to terminate
436 the current input program. @xref{INPUT PROGRAM}.
444 FILE HANDLE handle_name
449 For binary files with fixed-length records:
450 FILE HANDLE handle_name
455 To explicitly declare a scratch handle:
456 FILE HANDLE handle_name
460 Use @cmd{FILE HANDLE} to associate a file handle name with a file and
461 its attributes, so that later commands can refer to the file by its
462 handle name. Names of text files can be specified directly on
463 commands that access files, so that @cmd{FILE HANDLE} is only needed when a
464 file is not an ordinary file containing lines of text. However,
465 @cmd{FILE HANDLE} may be used even for text files, and it may be
466 easier to specify a file's name once and later refer to it by an
469 Specify the file handle name as the identifier immediately following the
470 @cmd{FILE HANDLE} command name. The identifier INLINE is reserved for
471 representing data embedded in the syntax file (@pxref{BEGIN DATA}) The
472 file handle name must not already have been used in a previous
473 invocation of @cmd{FILE HANDLE}, unless it has been closed by an
474 intervening command (@pxref{CLOSE FILE HANDLE}).
476 MODE specifies a file mode. In CHARACTER mode, the default, the data
477 file is read as a text file, according to the local system's
478 conventions, and each text line is read as one record.
479 In CHARACTER mode, most input programs will expand tabs to spaces
480 (@cmd{DATA LIST FREE} with explicitly specified delimiters is an
481 exception). By default, each tab is 4 characters wide, but an
482 alternate width may be specified on TABWIDTH. A tab width of 0
483 suppresses tab expansion entirely.
485 In IMAGE mode, the data file is opened in ANSI C binary mode and records
486 are fixed in length. In IMAGE mode, LRECL specifies the record length in
487 bytes, with a default of 1024. Tab characters are never expanded to
488 spaces in binary mode.
490 The NAME subcommand specifies the name of the file associated with the
491 handle. It is required in CHARACTER and IMAGE modes.
493 The SCRATCH mode designates the file handle as a scratch file handle.
494 Its use is usually unnecessary because file handle names that begin with
495 @samp{#} are assumed to refer to scratch files. @pxref{File Handles},
496 for more information.
499 @section INPUT PROGRAM
500 @vindex INPUT PROGRAM
504 @dots{} input commands @dots{}
508 @cmd{INPUT PROGRAM}@dots{}@cmd{END INPUT PROGRAM} specifies a
509 complex input program. By placing data input commands within @cmd{INPUT
510 PROGRAM}, PSPP programs can take advantage of more complex file
511 structures than available with only @cmd{DATA LIST}.
513 The first sort of extended input program is to simply put multiple @cmd{DATA
514 LIST} commands within the @cmd{INPUT PROGRAM}. This will cause all of
516 files to be read in parallel. Input will stop when end of file is
517 reached on any of the data files.
519 Transformations, such as conditional and looping constructs, can also be
520 included within @cmd{INPUT PROGRAM}. These can be used to combine input
521 from several data files in more complex ways. However, input will still
522 stop when end of file is reached on any of the data files.
524 To prevent @cmd{INPUT PROGRAM} from terminating at the first end of
526 the END subcommand on @cmd{DATA LIST}. This subcommand takes a
528 which should be a numeric scratch variable (@pxref{Scratch Variables}).
529 (It need not be a scratch variable but otherwise the results can be
530 surprising.) The value of this variable is set to 0 when reading the
531 data file, or 1 when end of file is encountered.
533 Two additional commands are useful in conjunction with @cmd{INPUT PROGRAM}.
534 @cmd{END CASE} is the first. Normally each loop through the
536 structure produces one case. @cmd{END CASE} controls exactly
537 when cases are output. When @cmd{END CASE} is used, looping from the end of
538 @cmd{INPUT PROGRAM} to the beginning does not cause a case to be output.
540 @cmd{END FILE} is the second. When the END subcommand is used on @cmd{DATA
541 LIST}, there is no way for the @cmd{INPUT PROGRAM} construct to stop
543 so an infinite loop results. @cmd{END FILE}, when executed,
544 stops the flow of input data and passes out of the @cmd{INPUT PROGRAM}
547 All this is very confusing. A few examples should help to clarify.
551 DATA LIST NOTABLE FILE='a.data'/X 1-10.
552 DATA LIST NOTABLE FILE='b.data'/Y 1-10.
557 The example above reads variable X from file @file{a.data} and variable
558 Y from file @file{b.data}. If one file is shorter than the other then
559 the extra data in the longer file is ignored.
566 DATA LIST NOTABLE END=#A FILE='a.data'/X 1-10.
569 DATA LIST NOTABLE END=#B FILE='b.data'/Y 1-10.
579 The above example reads variable X from @file{a.data} and variable Y from
580 @file{b.data}. If one file is shorter than the other then the missing
581 field is set to the system-missing value alongside the present value for
582 the remaining length of the longer file.
589 DATA LIST NOTABLE END=#B FILE='b.data'/X 1-10.
596 DATA LIST NOTABLE END=#A FILE='a.data'/X 1-10.
605 The above example reads data from file @file{a.data}, then from
606 @file{b.data}, and concatenates them into a single active file.
613 DATA LIST NOTABLE END=#EOF FILE='a.data'/X 1-10.
621 DATA LIST NOTABLE END=#EOF FILE='b.data'/X 1-10.
632 The above example does the same thing as the previous example, in a
638 COMPUTE X=UNIFORM(10).
643 LIST/FORMAT=NUMBERED.
646 The above example causes an active file to be created consisting of 50
647 random variates between 0 and 10.
656 /CASES=FROM start_index TO end_index BY incr_index
657 /FORMAT=@{UNNUMBERED,NUMBERED@} @{WRAP,SINGLE@}
661 The @cmd{LIST} procedure prints the values of specified variables to the
664 The VARIABLES subcommand specifies the variables whose values are to be
665 printed. Keyword VARIABLES is optional. If VARIABLES subcommand is not
666 specified then all variables in the active file are printed.
668 The CASES subcommand can be used to specify a subset of cases to be
669 printed. Specify FROM and the case number of the first case to print,
670 TO and the case number of the last case to print, and BY and the number
671 of cases to advance between printing cases, or any subset of those
672 settings. If CASES is not specified then all cases are printed.
674 The FORMAT subcommand can be used to change the output format. NUMBERED
675 will print case numbers along with each case; UNNUMBERED, the default,
676 causes the case numbers to be omitted. The WRAP and SINGLE settings are
677 currently not used. WEIGHT will cause case weights to be printed along
678 with variable values; NOWEIGHT, the default, causes case weights to be
679 omitted from the output.
681 Case numbers start from 1. They are counted after all transformations
682 have been considered.
684 @cmd{LIST} attempts to fit all the values on a single line. If needed
685 to make them fit, variable names are displayed vertically. If values
686 cannot fit on a single line, then a multi-line format will be used.
688 @cmd{LIST} is a procedure. It causes the data to be read.
698 /FORMAT=@{LIST,FREE@} @{LOWER,UPPER,FULL@} @{DIAGONAL,NODIAGONAL@}
699 /SPLIT=@{new_var,var_list@}
703 /CONTENTS=@{N_VECTOR,N_SCALAR,N_MATRIX,MEAN,STDDEV,COUNT,MSE,
704 DFE,MAT,COV,CORR,PROX@}
707 @cmd{MATRIX DATA} command reads square matrices in one of several textual
708 formats. @cmd{MATRIX DATA} clears the dictionary and replaces it and
712 Use VARIABLES to specify the variables that form the rows and columns of
713 the matrices. You may not specify a variable named @code{VARNAME_}. You
714 should specify VARIABLES first.
716 Specify the file to read on FILE, either as a file name string or a file
717 handle (@pxref{File Handles}). If FILE is not specified then matrix data
718 must immediately follow @cmd{MATRIX DATA} with a @cmd{BEGIN
719 DATA}@dots{}@cmd{END DATA}
720 construct (@pxref{BEGIN DATA}).
722 The FORMAT subcommand specifies how the matrices are formatted. LIST,
723 the default, indicates that there is one line per row of matrix data;
724 FREE allows single matrix rows to be broken across multiple lines. This
725 is analogous to the difference between @cmd{DATA LIST FREE} and
727 (@pxref{DATA LIST}). LOWER, the default, indicates that the lower
728 triangle of the matrix is given; UPPER indicates the upper triangle; and
729 FULL indicates that the entire matrix is given. DIAGONAL, the default,
730 indicates that the diagonal is part of the data; NODIAGONAL indicates
731 that it is omitted. DIAGONAL/NODIAGONAL have no effect when FULL is
734 The SPLIT subcommand is used to specify @cmd{SPLIT FILE} variables for the
735 input matrices (@pxref{SPLIT FILE}). Specify either a single variable
736 not specified on VARIABLES, or one or more variables that are specified
737 on VARIABLES. In the former case, the SPLIT values are not present in
738 the data and ROWTYPE_ may not be specified on VARIABLES. In the latter
739 case, the SPLIT values are present in the data.
741 Specify a list of factor variables on FACTORS. Factor variables must
742 also be listed on VARIABLES. Factor variables are used when there are
743 some variables where, for each possible combination of their values,
744 statistics on the matrix variables are included in the data.
746 If FACTORS is specified and ROWTYPE_ is not specified on VARIABLES, the
747 CELLS subcommand is required. Specify the number of factor variable
748 combinations that are given. For instance, if factor variable A has 2
749 values and factor variable B has 3 values, specify 6.
751 The N subcommand specifies a population number of observations. When N
752 is specified, one N record is output for each @cmd{SPLIT FILE}.
754 Use CONTENTS to specify what sort of information the matrices include.
755 Each possible option is described in more detail below. When ROWTYPE_
756 is specified on VARIABLES, CONTENTS is optional; otherwise, if CONTENTS
757 is not specified then /CONTENTS=CORR is assumed.
762 Number of observations as a vector, one value for each variable.
764 Number of observations as a single value.
770 Vector of standard deviations.
774 Vector of mean squared errors.
776 Vector of degrees of freedom.
787 The exact semantics of the matrices read by @cmd{MATRIX DATA} are complex.
788 Right now @cmd{MATRIX DATA} isn't too useful due to a lack of procedures
789 accepting or producing related data, so these semantics aren't
790 documented. Later, they'll be described here in detail.
800 @cmd{NEW FILE} command clears the current active file.
811 /[line_no] arg@dots{}
813 arg takes one of the following forms:
815 var_list start-end [type_spec]
816 var_list (fortran_spec)
820 The @cmd{PRINT} transformation writes variable data to an output file.
821 @cmd{PRINT} is executed when a procedure causes the data to be read.
822 Follow @cmd{PRINT} by @cmd{EXECUTE} to print variable data without
823 invoking a procedure (@pxref{EXECUTE}).
825 All @cmd{PRINT} subcommands are optional.
827 The OUTFILE subcommand specifies the file to receive the output. The
828 file may be a file name as a string or a file handle (@pxref{File
829 Handles}). If OUTFILE is not present then output will be sent to PSPP's
832 The RECORDS subcommand specifies the number of lines to be output. The
833 number of lines may optionally be surrounded by parentheses.
835 TABLE will cause the PRINT command to output a table to the listing file
836 that describes what it will print to the output file. NOTABLE, the
837 default, suppresses this output table.
839 Introduce the strings and variables to be printed with a slash
840 (@samp{/}). Optionally, the slash may be followed by a number
841 indicating which output line will be specified. In the absence of this
842 line number, the next line number will be specified. Multiple lines may
843 be specified using multiple slashes with the intended output for a line
844 following its respective slash.
846 Literal strings may be printed. Specify the string itself. Optionally
847 the string may be followed by a column number or range of column
848 numbers, specifying the location on the line for the string to be
849 printed. Otherwise, the string will be printed at the current position
852 Variables to be printed can be specified in the same ways as available
853 for @cmd{DATA LIST FIXED} (@pxref{DATA LIST FIXED}). In addition, a
855 list may be followed by an asterisk (@samp{*}), which indicates that the
856 variables should be printed in their dictionary print formats, separated
857 by spaces. A variable list followed by a slash or the end of command
858 will be interpreted the same way.
860 If a FORTRAN type specification is used to move backwards on the current
861 line, then text is written at that point on the line, the line will be
862 truncated to that length, although additional text being added will
863 again extend the line to that length.
874 /[line_no] arg@dots{}
876 arg takes one of the following forms:
878 var_list start-end [type_spec]
879 var_list (fortran_spec)
883 @cmd{PRINT EJECT} writes data to an output file. Before the data is
884 written, the current page in the listing file is ejected.
886 @xref{PRINT}, for more information on syntax and usage.
893 PRINT SPACE OUTFILE='filename' n_lines.
896 @cmd{PRINT SPACE} prints one or more blank lines to an output file.
898 The OUTFILE subcommand is optional. It may be used to direct output to
899 a file specified by file name as a string or file handle (@pxref{File
900 Handles}). If OUTFILE is not specified then output will be directed to
903 n_lines is also optional. If present, it is an expression
904 (@pxref{Expressions}) specifying the number of blank lines to be
905 printed. The expression must evaluate to a nonnegative value.
912 REREAD FILE=handle COLUMN=column.
915 The @cmd{REREAD} transformation allows the previous input line in a
917 already processed by @cmd{DATA LIST} or another input command to be re-read
918 for further processing.
920 The FILE subcommand, which is optional, is used to specify the file to
921 have its line re-read. The file must be specified as the name of a file
922 handle (@pxref{File Handles}). If FILE is not specified then the last
923 file specified on @cmd{DATA LIST} will be assumed (last file specified
924 lexically, not in terms of flow-of-control).
926 By default, the line re-read is re-read in its entirety. With the
927 COLUMN subcommand, a prefix of the line can be exempted from
928 re-reading. Specify an expression (@pxref{Expressions}) evaluating to
929 the first column that should be included in the re-read line. Columns
930 are numbered from 1 at the left margin.
932 Issuing @code{REREAD} multiple times will not back up in the data
933 file. Instead, it will re-read the same line multiple times.
936 @section REPEATING DATA
937 @vindex REPEATING DATA
945 /CONTINUED[=cont_start-cont_end]
946 /ID=id_start-id_end=id_var
948 /DATA=var_spec@dots{}
950 where each var_spec takes one of the forms
951 var_list start-end [type_spec]
952 var_list (fortran_spec)
955 @cmd{REPEATING DATA} parses groups of data repeating in
956 a uniform format, possibly with several groups on a single line. Each
957 group of data corresponds with one case. @cmd{REPEATING DATA} may only be
958 used within an @cmd{INPUT PROGRAM} structure (@pxref{INPUT PROGRAM}).
959 When used with @cmd{DATA LIST}, it
960 can be used to parse groups of cases that share a subset of variables
961 but differ in their other data.
963 The STARTS subcommand is required. Specify a range of columns, using
964 literal numbers or numeric variable names. This range specifies the
965 columns on the first line that are used to contain groups of data. The
966 ending column is optional. If it is not specified, then the record
967 width of the input file is used. For the inline file (@pxref{BEGIN
968 DATA}) this is 80 columns; for a file with fixed record widths it is the
969 record width; for other files it is 1024 characters by default.
971 The OCCURS subcommand is required. It must be a number or the name of a
972 numeric variable. Its value is the number of groups present in the
975 The DATA subcommand is required. It must be the last subcommand
976 specified. It is used to specify the data present within each repeating
977 group. Column numbers are specified relative to the beginning of a
978 group at column 1. Data is specified in the same way as with @cmd{DATA LIST
979 FIXED} (@pxref{DATA LIST FIXED}).
981 All other subcommands are optional.
983 FILE specifies the file to read, either a file name as a string or a
984 file handle (@pxref{File Handles}). If FILE is not present then the
985 default is the last file handle used on @cmd{DATA LIST} (lexically, not in
986 terms of flow of control).
988 By default @cmd{REPEATING DATA} will output a table describing how it will
989 parse the input data. Specifying NOTABLE will disable this behavior;
990 specifying TABLE will explicitly enable it.
992 The LENGTH subcommand specifies the length in characters of each group.
993 If it is not present then length is inferred from the DATA subcommand.
994 LENGTH can be a number or a variable name.
996 Normally all the data groups are expected to be present on a single
997 line. Use the CONTINUED command to indicate that data can be continued
998 onto additional lines. If data on continuation lines starts at the left
999 margin and continues through the entire field width, no column
1000 specifications are necessary on CONTINUED. Otherwise, specify the
1001 possible range of columns in the same way as on STARTS.
1003 When data groups are continued from line to line, it is easy
1004 for cases to get out of sync through careless hand editing. The
1005 ID subcommand allows a case identifier to be present on each line of
1006 repeating data groups. @cmd{REPEATING DATA} will check for the same
1007 identifier on each line and report mismatches. Specify the range of
1008 columns that the identifier will occupy, followed by an equals sign
1009 (@samp{=}) and the identifier variable name. The variable must already
1010 have been declared with @cmd{NUMERIC} or another command.
1012 @cmd{REPEATING DATA} should be the last command given within an
1013 @cmd{INPUT PROGRAM}. It should not be enclosed within a @cmd{LOOP}
1014 structure (@pxref{LOOP}). Use @cmd{DATA LIST} before, not after,
1015 @cmd{REPEATING DATA}.
1026 /[line_no] arg@dots{}
1028 arg takes one of the following forms:
1029 'string' [start-end]
1030 var_list start-end [type_spec]
1031 var_list (fortran_spec)
1035 @code{WRITE} writes text or binary data to an output file.
1037 @xref{PRINT}, for more information on syntax and usage. The main
1038 difference between @code{PRINT} and @code{WRITE} is that @cmd{WRITE}
1039 uses write formats by default, where PRINT uses print formats.
1041 The sole additional difference is that if @cmd{WRITE} is used to send output
1042 to a binary file, carriage control characters will not be output.
1043 @xref{FILE HANDLE}, for information on how to declare a file as binary.
1044 @setfilename ignored