-@node Debugging Tools, , Project Documentation, Top
+@node Debugging Tools, Development Tools, Project Documentation, Top
@appendix Debugging Tools
Many tools lie at your disposal for debugging Pintos. This appendix
* printf::
* ASSERT::
* DEBUG::
+* UNUSED NO_RETURN NO_INLINE PRINTF_FORMAT::
* Backtraces::
* i386-elf-gdb::
* Modifying Bochs::
+* Debugging Tips::
@end menu
@node printf
-@section @code{printf()}
+@section @code{@code{printf()}}
-Don't underestimate the value of @code{printf()}. The way
-@code{printf()} is implemented in Pintos, you can call it from
+Don't underestimate the value of @func{printf}. The way
+@func{printf} is implemented in Pintos, you can call it from
practically anywhere in the kernel, whether it's in a kernel thread or
an interrupt handler, almost regardless of what locks are held.
-@code{printf()} isn't useful just because it can print data members.
+@func{printf} isn't useful just because it can print data members.
It can also help figure out when and where something goes wrong, even
when the kernel crashes or panics without a useful error message. The
-strategy is to sprinkle calls to @code{print()} with different strings
+strategy is to sprinkle calls to @func{print} with different strings
(e.g.@: @code{"1\n"}, @code{"2\n"}, @dots{}) throughout the pieces of
code you suspect are failing. If you don't even see @code{1} printed,
then something bad happened before that point, if you see @code{1}
but not @code{2}, then something bad happened between those two
points, and so on. Based on what you learn, you can then insert more
-@code{printf()} calls in the new, smaller region of code you suspect.
+@func{printf} calls in the new, smaller region of code you suspect.
Eventually you can narrow the problem down to a single statement.
@node ASSERT
Assertions are useful because they can catch problems early, before
they'd otherwise be notices. Pintos provides a macro for assertions
-named @code{ASSERT}, defined in @code{<debug.h>}, that you can use for
+named @code{ASSERT}, defined in @file{<debug.h>}, that you can use for
this purpose. Ideally, each function should begin with a set of
assertions that check its arguments for validity. (Initializers for
functions' local variables are evaluated before assertions are
@node DEBUG
@section @code{DEBUG}
-The @code{DEBUG} macro, also defined in @code{<debug.h>}, is a sort of
-conditional @code{printf()}. It takes as its arguments the name of a
-``message class'' and a @code{printf()}-like format string and
+The @code{DEBUG} macro, also defined in @file{<debug.h>}, is a sort of
+conditional @func{printf}. It takes as its arguments the name of a
+``message class'' and a @func{printf}-like format string and
arguments. The message class is used to filter the messages that are
actually displayed. You select the messages to display on the Pintos
command line using the @option{-d} option. This allows you to easily
pintos run -d thread
@end example
+@node UNUSED NO_RETURN NO_INLINE PRINTF_FORMAT
+@section UNUSED, NO_RETURN, NO_INLINE, and PRINTF_FORMAT
+
+These macros defined in @file{<debug.h>} tell the compiler special
+attributes of a function or function parameter. Their expansions are
+GCC-specific.
+
+@defmac UNUSED
+Appended to a function parameter to tell the compiler that the
+parameter might not be used within the function. It suppresses the
+warning that would otherwise appear.
+@end defmac
+
+@defmac NO_RETURN
+Appended to a function prototype to tell the compiler that the
+function never returns. It allows the compiler to fine-tune its
+warnings and its code generation.
+@end defmac
+
+@defmac NO_INLINE
+Appended to a function prototype to tell the compiler to never emit
+the function in-line. Occasionally useful to improve the quality of
+backtraces (see below).
+@end defmac
+
+@defmac PRINTF_FORMAT (@var{format}, @var{first})
+Appended to a function prototype to tell the compiler that the
+function takes a @func{printf}-like format string as its
+@var{format}th argument and that the corresponding value arguments
+start at the @var{first}th argument. This lets the compiler tell you
+if you pass the wrong argument types.
+@end defmac
+
@node Backtraces
@section Backtraces
When the kernel panics, it prints a ``backtrace,'' that is, a summary
of how your program got where it is, as a list of addresses inside the
functions that were running at the time of the panic. You can also
-insert a call to @code{debug_backtrace()}, prototyped in
+insert a call to @func{debug_backtrace}, prototyped in
@file{<debug.h>}, at any point in your code.
The addresses in a backtrace are listed as raw hexadecimal numbers,
control, load Pintos, and then Pintos will run in the usual way. You
can pause the process at any point with @key{Ctrl+C}. If you want
@command{gdb} to stop when Pintos starts running, set a breakpoint on
-@code{main()} with the command @code{break main} before @samp{c}.
+@func{main} with the command @code{break main} before @samp{c}.
You can read the @command{gdb} manual by typing @code{info gdb} at a
terminal command prompt, or you can view it in Emacs with the command
(Use a @samp{0x} prefix to specify an address in hex.)
@end table
-If you notice unexplainable behavior while using @command{gdb}, there
+You might notice that @command{gdb} tends to show code being executed
+in an order different from the order in the source. That is, the
+current statement jumps around seemingly randomly. This is due to
+GCC's optimizer, which does tend to reorder code. If it bothers you,
+you can turn off optimization by editing
+@file{pintos/src/Make.config}, removing @option{-O3} from the
+@code{CFLAGS} definition.
+
+If you notice other strange behavior while using @command{gdb}, there
are three possibilities. The first is that there is a bug in your
modified Pintos. The second is that there is a bug in Bochs's
interface to @command{gdb} or in @command{gdb} itself. The third is
Of course, to get any good out of this you'll have to actually modify
Bochs. Instructions for doing this are firmly out of the scope of
this document. However, if you want to debug page faults as suggested
-above, a good place to start adding @code{printf()}s is
-@code{BX_CPU_C::dtranslate_linear()} in @file{cpu/paging.cc}.
+above, a good place to start adding @func{printf}s is
+@func{BX_CPU_C::dtranslate_linear} in @file{cpu/paging.cc}.
+
+@node Debugging Tips
+@section Tips
+
+The page allocator in @file{threads/palloc.c} clears all the bytes in
+pages to @t{0xcc} when they are freed. Thus, if you see an attempt to
+dereference a pointer like @t{0xcccccccc}, or some other reference to
+@t{0xcc}, there's a good chance you're trying to reuse a page that's
+already been freed. Also, byte @t{0xcc} is the CPU opcode for
+``invoke interrupt 3,'' so if you see an error like @code{Interrupt
+0x03 (#BP Breakpoint Exception)}, Pintos tried to execute code in a
+freed page.
+
+Similarly, the block allocator in @file{threads/malloc.c} clears all
+the bytes in freed blocks to @t{0xcd}. The two bytes @t{0xcdcd} are
+a CPU opcode for ``invoke interrupt @t{0xcd},'' so @code{Interrupt
+0xcd (unknown)} is a good sign that you tried to execute code in a
+block freed with @func{free}.
projects / pintos-anon / blobdiff