6 use File::Temp 'tempfile';
7 use Getopt::Long qw(:config bundling);
9 # Command-line options.
10 our ($sim); # Simulator: bochs, qemu, or gsx.
11 our ($debug) = "none"; # Debugger: none, monitor, or gdb.
12 our ($mem) = 4; # Physical RAM in MB.
13 our ($serial_out) = 1; # Send output to serial port?
14 our ($vga); # VGA output: window, terminal, or none.
15 our ($jitter); # Seed for random timer interrupts, if set.
16 our ($realtime); # Synchronize timer interrupts with real time?
17 our ($timeout); # Maximum runtime in seconds, if set.
18 our (@puts); # Files to copy into the VM.
19 our (@gets); # Files to copy out of the VM.
20 our ($as_ref); # Reference to last addition to @gets or @puts.
21 our (@kernel_args); # Arguments to pass to kernel.
22 our (%disks) = (OS => {FILENAME => 'os.dsk'}, # Disks to give VM.
23 FS => {DEF_FN => 'fs.dsk'},
24 SCRATCH => {DEF_FN => 'scratch.dsk'},
25 SWAP => {DEF_FN => 'swap.dsk'});
26 our (@disks_by_iface) = @disks{qw (OS FS SCRATCH SWAP)};
28 parse_command_line ();
30 prepare_scratch_disk ();
33 finish_scratch_disk ();
37 # Parses the command line.
38 sub parse_command_line {
39 usage (0) if @ARGV == 0 || (@ARGV == 1 && $ARGV[0] eq '--help');
42 if (grep ($_ eq '--', @kernel_args)) {
44 while ((my $arg = shift (@kernel_args)) ne '--') {
47 GetOptions ("sim=s" => sub { set_sim (@_) },
48 "bochs" => sub { set_sim ("bochs") },
49 "qemu" => sub { set_sim ("qemu") },
50 "gsx" => sub { set_sim ("gsx") },
52 "debug=s" => sub { set_debug (@_) },
53 "no-debug" => sub { set_debug ("none") },
54 "monitor" => sub { set_debug ("monitor") },
55 "gdb" => sub { set_debug ("gdb") },
57 "m|memory=i" => \$mem,
58 "j|jitter=i" => sub { set_jitter (@_) },
59 "r|realtime" => sub { set_realtime () },
60 "T|timeout=i" => \$timeout,
62 "v|no-vga" => sub { set_vga ('none'); },
63 "s|no-serial" => sub { $serial_out = 0; },
64 "t|terminal" => sub { set_vga ('terminal'); },
66 "p|put-file=s" => sub { add_file (\@puts, $_[1]); },
67 "g|get-file=s" => sub { add_file (\@gets, $_[1]); },
68 "a|as=s" => sub { set_as ($_[1]); },
70 "h|help" => sub { usage (0); },
72 "os-disk=s" => \$disks{OS}{FILENAME},
73 "fs-disk=s" => \$disks{FS}{FILENAME},
74 "scratch-disk=s" => \$disks{SCRATCH}{FILENAME},
75 "swap-disk=s" => \$disks{SWAP}{FILENAME},
77 "0|disk-0|hda=s" => \$disks_by_iface[0]{FILENAME},
78 "1|disk-1|hdb=s" => \$disks_by_iface[1]{FILENAME},
79 "2|disk-2|hdc=s" => \$disks_by_iface[2]{FILENAME},
80 "3|disk-3|hdd=s" => \$disks_by_iface[3]{FILENAME})
84 $sim = "bochs" if !defined $sim;
85 $debug = "none" if !defined $debug;
86 $vga = "window" if !defined $vga;
90 # Prints a usage message and exits with $exitcode.
93 $exitcode = 1 unless defined $exitcode;
95 pintos, a utility for running Pintos in a simulator
96 Usage: pintos [OPTION...] -- [ARGUMENT...]
97 where each OPTION is one of the following options
98 and each ARGUMENT is passed to Pintos kernel verbatim.
100 --bochs (default) Use Bochs as simulator
101 --qemu Use qemu as simulator
102 --gsx Use VMware GSX Server 3.x as simulator
104 --no-debug (default) No debugger
105 --monitor Debug with simulator's monitor
107 Display options: (default is both VGA and serial)
108 -v, --no-vga No VGA display
109 -s, --no-serial No serial output
110 -t, --terminal Display VGA in terminal (Bochs only)
111 Timing options: (Bochs only)
112 -j SEED Randomize timer interrupts
113 -r, --realtime Use realistic, not reproducible, timings
114 -T, --timeout=N Time out and kill Pintos after N seconds
115 Configuration options:
116 -m, --mem=N Give Pintos N MB physical RAM (default: 4)
117 File system commands (for `run' command):
118 -p, --put-file=HOSTFN Copy HOSTFN into VM, by default under same name
119 -g, --get-file=GUESTFN Copy GUESTFN out of VM, by default under same name
120 -a, --as=FILENAME Specifies guest (for -p) or host (for -g) file name
121 Disk options: (name an existing FILE or specify SIZE in MB for a temp disk)
122 --os-disk=FILE Set OS disk file (default: os.dsk)
123 --fs-disk=FILE|SIZE Set FS disk file (default: fs.dsk)
124 --scratch-disk=FILE|SIZE Set scratch disk (default: scratch.dsk)
125 --swap-disk=FILE|SIZE Set swap disk file (default: swap.dsk)
127 -h, --help Display this help message.
132 # Sets the simulator.
135 die "--$new_sim conflicts with --$sim\n"
136 if defined ($sim) && $sim ne $new_sim;
142 my ($new_debug) = @_;
143 die "--$new_debug conflicts with --$debug\n"
144 if $debug ne 'none' && $new_debug ne 'none' && $debug ne $new_debug;
148 # Sets VGA output destination.
151 if (defined ($vga) && $vga ne $new_vga) {
152 print "warning: conflicting vga display options\n";
157 # Sets randomized timer interrupts.
159 my ($new_jitter) = @_;
160 die "--realtime conflicts with --jitter\n" if defined $realtime;
161 die "different --jitter already defined\n"
162 if defined $jitter && $jitter != $new_jitter;
163 $jitter = $new_jitter;
166 # Sets real-time timer interrupts.
168 die "--realtime conflicts with --jitter\n" if defined $jitter;
172 # add_file(\@list, $file)
174 # Adds [$file] to @list, which should be @puts or @gets.
175 # Sets $as_ref to point to the added element.
177 my ($list, $file) = @_;
179 push (@$list, $as_ref);
182 # Sets the guest/host name for the previous put/get.
185 die "-a (or --as) is only allowed after -p or -g\n" if !defined $as_ref;
186 die "Only one -a (or --as) is allowed after -p or -g\n"
187 if defined $as_ref->[1];
191 # Locates the files used to back each of the virtual disks,
192 # and creates temporary disks.
194 for my $disk (values %disks) {
195 # If there's no assigned file name but the default file exists,
196 # assign the default file.
197 $disk->{FILENAME} = $disk->{DEF_FN}
198 if !defined ($disk->{FILENAME}) && -e $disk->{DEF_FN};
200 # If there's no file name, we're done.
201 next if !defined ($disk->{FILENAME});
203 if ($disk->{FILENAME} =~ /^\d+(\.\d+)?|\.\d+$/) {
204 # Create a temporary disk of approximately the specified
206 die "OS disk can't be temporary\n" if $disk == $disks{OS};
208 my ($mb) = $disk->{FILENAME};
209 undef $disk->{FILENAME};
211 my ($cylinder) = 1024 * 504;
212 my ($bytes) = $mb * ($cylinder * 2);
213 $bytes = int (($bytes + $cylinder - 1) / $cylinder) * $cylinder;
214 extend_disk ($disk, $bytes);
216 # The file must exist and have nonzero size.
217 -e $disk->{FILENAME} or die "$disk->{FILENAME}: stat: $!\n";
218 -s _ or die "$disk->{FILENAME}: disk has zero size\n";
222 # Warn about (potentially) missing disks.
223 if (my ($project) = `pwd` =~ /\b(threads|userprog|vm|filesys)\b/) {
224 if ((grep ($project eq $_, qw (userprog vm filesys)))
225 && !defined ($disks{FS}{FILENAME})) {
226 print STDERR "warning: it looks like you're running the $project ";
227 print STDERR "project, but no file system disk is present\n";
229 if ($project eq 'vm' && !defined $disks{SWAP}{FILENAME}) {
230 print STDERR "warning: it looks like you're running the $project ";
231 print STDERR "project, but no swap disk is present\n";
236 # Prepare the scratch disk for gets and puts.
237 sub prepare_scratch_disk {
238 # Copy the files to put onto the scratch disk.
239 put_scratch_file ($_->[0]) foreach @puts;
241 # Make sure the scratch disk is big enough to get big files.
242 extend_disk ($disks{SCRATCH}, @gets * 1024 * 1024) if @gets;
245 # Read "get" files from the scratch disk.
246 sub finish_scratch_disk {
247 # We need to start reading the scratch disk from the beginning again.
249 close ($disks{SCRATCH}{HANDLE});
250 undef ($disks{SCRATCH}{HANDLE});
254 get_scratch_file (defined ($_->[1]) ? $_->[1] : $_->[0]) foreach @gets;
257 # put_scratch_file($file).
259 # Copies $file into the scratch disk.
260 sub put_scratch_file {
261 my ($put_filename) = @_;
262 my ($disk_handle, $disk_filename) = open_disk ($disks{SCRATCH});
264 print "Copying $put_filename into $disk_filename...\n";
266 # Write metadata sector, which consists of a 4-byte signature
267 # followed by the file size.
268 stat $put_filename or die "$put_filename: stat: $!\n";
270 my ($metadata) = pack ("a4 V x504", "PUT\0", $size);
271 write_fully ($disk_handle, $disk_filename, $metadata);
275 sysopen ($put_handle, $put_filename, O_RDONLY)
276 or die "$put_filename: open: $!\n";
277 copy_file ($put_handle, $put_filename, $disk_handle, $disk_filename,
281 # Round up disk data to beginning of next sector.
282 write_fully ($disk_handle, $disk_filename, "\0" x (512 - $size % 512))
286 # get_scratch_file($file).
288 # Copies from the scratch disk to $file.
289 sub get_scratch_file {
290 my ($get_filename) = @_;
291 my ($disk_handle, $disk_filename) = open_disk ($disks{SCRATCH});
293 print "Copying $get_filename out of $disk_filename...\n";
295 # Read metadata sector, which has a 4-byte signature followed by
297 my ($metadata) = read_fully ($disk_handle, $disk_filename, 512);
298 my ($signature, $size) = unpack ("a4 V", $metadata);
299 die "bad signature reading scratch disk--did Pintos run correctly?\n"
300 if $signature ne "GET\0";
304 sysopen ($get_handle, $get_filename, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_EXCL, 0666)
305 or die "$get_filename: create: $!\n";
306 copy_file ($disk_handle, $disk_filename, $get_handle, $get_filename,
310 # Skip forward in disk up to beginning of next sector.
311 read_fully ($disk_handle, $disk_filename, 512 - $size % 512)
315 # Prepares the arguments to pass to the Pintos kernel,
316 # and then write them into Pintos bootloader.
317 sub prepare_arguments {
319 push (@args, shift (@kernel_args))
320 while @kernel_args && $kernel_args[0] =~ /^-/;
321 push (@args, 'put', defined $_->[1] ? $_->[1] : $_->[0]) foreach @puts;
322 push (@args, @kernel_args);
323 push (@args, 'get', $_->[0]) foreach @gets;
324 write_cmd_line ($disks{OS}, @args);
327 # Writes @args into the Pintos bootloader at the beginning of $disk.
329 my ($disk, @args) = @_;
331 # Figure out command line to write.
332 my ($arg_cnt) = pack ("V", scalar (@args));
333 my ($args) = join ('', map ("$_\0", @args));
334 die "command line exceeds 128 bytes" if length ($args) > 128;
335 $args .= "\0" x (128 - length ($args));
337 # Write command line.
338 my ($handle, $filename) = open_disk_copy ($disk);
339 print "Writing command line to $filename...\n";
340 sysseek ($handle, 0x17a, 0) == 0x17a or die "$filename: seek: $!\n";
341 syswrite ($handle, "$arg_cnt$args") or die "$filename: write: $!\n";
344 # Running simulators.
346 # Runs the selected simulator.
348 if ($sim eq 'bochs') {
350 } elsif ($sim eq 'qemu') {
352 } elsif ($sim eq 'gsx') {
355 die "unknown simulator `$sim'\n";
361 # Select Bochs binary based on the chosen debugger.
363 if ($debug eq 'none') {
365 } elsif ($debug eq 'monitor') {
367 } elsif ($debug eq 'gdb') {
371 # Write bochsrc.txt configuration file.
372 open (BOCHSRC, ">", "bochsrc.txt") or die "bochsrc.txt: create: $!\n";
374 romimage: file=\$BXSHARE/BIOS-bochs-latest, address=0xf0000
375 vgaromimage: \$BXSHARE/VGABIOS-lgpl-latest
381 print BOCHSRC "clock: sync=", $realtime ? 'realtime' : 'none', "time0=0\n";
382 print_bochs_disk_line ("ata0-master", 0);
383 print_bochs_disk_line ("ata0-slave", 1);
384 if (defined ($disks_by_iface[2]{FILENAME})
385 || defined ($disks_by_iface[3]{FILENAME})) {
386 print BOCHSRC "ata1: enabled=1, ioaddr1=0x170, ",
387 "ioaddr2=0x370, irq=15\n";
388 print_bochs_disk_line ("ata1-master", 2);
389 print_bochs_disk_line ("ata1-slave", 3);
391 if ($vga ne 'terminal') {
392 print BOCHSRC "com1: enabled=1, dev=/dev/stdout\n" if $serial_out;
393 print BOCHSRC "display_library: nogui\n" if $vga eq 'none';
395 print BOCHSRC "display_library: term\n";
399 # Compose Bochs command line.
400 my (@cmd) = ($bin, '-q');
401 push (@cmd, '-j', $jitter) if defined $jitter;
404 print join (' ', @cmd), "\n";
405 my ($exit) = xsystem (@cmd);
406 if (WIFEXITED ($exit)) {
407 # Bochs exited normally.
408 # Ignore the exit code; Bochs normally exits with status 1,
410 } elsif (WIFSIGNALED ($exit)) {
411 die "Bochs died with signal ", WTERMSIG ($exit), "\n";
413 die "Bochs died: code $exit\n";
417 # print_bochs_disk_line($device, $iface)
419 # If IDE interface $iface has a disk attached, prints a bochsrc.txt
420 # line for attaching it to $device.
421 sub print_bochs_disk_line {
422 my ($device, $iface) = @_;
423 my ($file) = $disks_by_iface[$iface]{FILENAME};
425 my (%geom) = disk_geometry ($file);
426 print BOCHSRC "$device: type=disk, path=$file, mode=flat, ";
427 print BOCHSRC "cylinders=$geom{C}, heads=$geom{H}, spt=$geom{S}, ";
428 print BOCHSRC "translation=none\n";
434 print "warning: qemu doesn't support --terminal\n"
435 if $vga eq 'terminal';
436 print "warning: qemu doesn't support jitter\n"
438 my (@cmd) = ('qemu');
439 for my $iface (0...3) {
440 my ($option) = ('-hda', '-hdb', '-hdc', '-hdd')[$iface];
441 push (@cmd, $option, $disks_by_iface[$iface]{FILENAME})
442 if defined $disks_by_iface[$iface]{FILENAME};
444 push (@cmd, '-m', $mem);
445 push (@cmd, '-nographic') if $vga eq 'none';
446 push (@cmd, '-serial', 'stdio') if $serial_out && $vga ne 'none';
447 push (@cmd, '-S') if $debug eq 'monitor';
448 push (@cmd, '-s', '-S') if $debug eq 'gdb';
449 push (@cmd, '-monitor', 'null') if $vga eq 'none' && $debug eq 'none';
455 # Prints a message that $flag is unsupported by GSX Server.
458 print "warning: no support for $flag with VMware GSX Server\n";
461 # Runs VMware GSX Server.
463 gsx_unsup ("--$debug") if $debug ne 'none';
464 gsx_unsup ("--no-vga") if $vga eq 'none';
465 gsx_unsup ("--terminal") if $vga eq 'terminal';
466 gsx_unsup ("--jitter") if defined $jitter;
468 unlink ("pintos.out");
470 open (VMX, ">", "pintos.vmx") or die "pintos.vmx: create: $!\n";
471 chmod 0777 & ~umask, "pintos.vmx";
473 #! /usr/bin/vmware -G
476 floppy0.present = FALSE
479 serial0.present = TRUE
480 serial0.fileType = "file"
481 serial0.fileName = "pintos.out"
484 for (my ($i) = 0; $i < 4; $i++) {
485 my ($dsk) = $disks_by_iface[$i]{FILENAME};
486 next if !defined $dsk;
492 my ($device) = "ide" . int ($i / 2) . ":" . ($i % 2);
495 $device.present = TRUE
496 $device.deviceType = "plainDisk"
497 $device.fileName = "$pln"
500 my (%geom) = disk_geometry ($dsk);
501 open (PLN, ">", $pln) or die "$pln: create: $!\n";
509 #vm|CAPACITY $geom{CAPACITY}
510 ACCESS "$dsk" 0 $geom{CAPACITY}
516 my ($vmx) = getcwd () . "/pintos.vmx";
517 system ("vmware-cmd -s register $vmx >&/dev/null");
518 system ("vmware-cmd $vmx stop hard >&/dev/null");
519 system ("vmware -l -G -x -q $vmx");
520 system ("vmware-cmd $vmx stop hard >&/dev/null");
521 system ("vmware-cmd -s unregister $vmx >&/dev/null");
528 # Opens $disk, if it is not already open, and returns its file handle
532 if (!defined ($disk->{HANDLE})) {
533 if ($disk->{FILENAME}) {
534 sysopen ($disk->{HANDLE}, $disk->{FILENAME}, O_RDWR)
535 or die "$disk->{FILENAME}: open: $!\n";
537 ($disk->{HANDLE}, $disk->{FILENAME}) = tempfile (UNLINK => 1,
541 return ($disk->{HANDLE}, $disk->{FILENAME});
544 # open_disk_copy($disk)
546 # Makes a temporary copy of $disk and returns its file handle and file name.
549 die if !$disk->{FILENAME};
551 my ($orig_handle, $orig_filename) = open_disk ($disk);
552 my ($cp_handle, $cp_filename) = tempfile (UNLINK => 1, SUFFIX => '.dsk');
553 copy_file ($orig_handle, $orig_filename, $cp_handle, $cp_filename,
555 return ($disk->{HANDLE}, $disk->{FILENAME}) = ($cp_handle, $cp_filename);
558 # extend_disk($disk, $size)
560 # Extends $disk, if necessary, so that it is at least $size bytes
563 my ($disk, $size) = @_;
564 my ($handle, $filename) = open_disk ($disk);
565 if (-s ($handle) < $size) {
566 sysseek ($handle, $size - 1, 0) == $size - 1
567 or die "$filename: seek: $!\n";
568 syswrite ($handle, "\0") == 1
569 or die "$filename: write: $!\n";
573 # disk_geometry($file)
575 # Examines $file and returns a valid IDE disk geometry for it, as a
579 my ($size) = -s $file;
580 die "$file: stat: $!\n" if !defined $size;
581 die "$file: size not a multiple of 512 bytes\n" if $size % 512;
582 my ($cylinders) = int ($size / (512 * 16 * 63));
583 $cylinders++ if $size % (512 * 16 * 63);
585 return (CAPACITY => $size / 512,
591 # copy_file($from_handle, $from_filename, $to_handle, $to_filename, $size)
593 # Copies $size bytes from $from_handle to $to_handle.
594 # $from_filename and $to_filename are used in error messages.
596 my ($from_handle, $from_filename, $to_handle, $to_filename, $size) = @_;
599 my ($chunk_size) = 4096;
600 $chunk_size = $size if $chunk_size > $size;
601 $size -= $chunk_size;
603 my ($data) = read_fully ($from_handle, $from_filename, $chunk_size);
604 write_fully ($to_handle, $to_filename, $data);
608 # read_fully($handle, $filename, $bytes)
610 # Reads exactly $bytes bytes from $handle and returns the data read.
611 # $filename is used in error messages.
613 my ($handle, $filename, $bytes) = @_;
615 my ($read_bytes) = sysread ($handle, $data, $bytes);
616 die "$filename: read: $!\n" if !defined $read_bytes;
617 die "$filename: unexpected end of file\n" if $read_bytes != $bytes;
621 # write_fully($handle, $filename, $data)
623 # Write $data to $handle.
624 # $filename is used in error messages.
626 my ($handle, $filename, $data) = @_;
627 my ($written_bytes) = syswrite ($handle, $data);
628 die "$filename: write: $!\n" if !defined $written_bytes;
629 die "$filename: short write\n" if $written_bytes != length $data;
632 # Subprocess utilities.
636 # Runs xsystem(@args).
637 # Also prints the command it's running and checks that it succeeded.
639 print join (' ', @_), "\n";
640 die "command failed\n" if xsystem (@_);
645 # Creates a subprocess via exec(@args) and waits for it to complete.
646 # Relays common signals to the subprocess.
647 # If $timeout is set then the subprocess will be killed after that long.
650 if (!defined ($pid)) {
654 # Running in child process.
658 # Running in parent process.
659 local $SIG{ALRM} = sub { timeout ($pid); };
660 local $SIG{INT} = sub { relay_signal ($pid, "INT"); };
661 local $SIG{TERM} = sub { relay_signal ($pid, "TERM"); };
662 alarm ($timeout) if defined ($timeout);
669 # relay_signal($pid, $signal)
671 # Relays $signal to $pid and then reinvokes it for us with the default
674 my ($pid, $signal) = @_;
676 $SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT';
677 kill $signal, getpid ();
682 # Interrupts $pid and dies with a timeout error message.
685 relay_signal ($pid, "INT");
686 my ($load_avg) = `uptime` =~ /(load average:.*)$/i;
687 print "TIMEOUT after $timeout seconds";
688 print " - $load_avg" if defined $load_avg;