4 This chapter documents the statistical procedures that PSPP supports so
8 * DESCRIPTIVES:: Descriptive statistics.
9 * FREQUENCIES:: Frequency tables.
10 * EXAMINE:: Testing data for normality.
11 * CROSSTABS:: Crosstabulation tables.
12 * NPAR TESTS:: Nonparametric tests.
13 * T-TEST:: Test hypotheses about means.
14 * ONEWAY:: One way analysis of variance.
15 * RANK:: Compute rank scores.
16 * REGRESSION:: Linear regression.
26 /MISSING=@{VARIABLE,LISTWISE@} @{INCLUDE,NOINCLUDE@}
27 /FORMAT=@{LABELS,NOLABELS@} @{NOINDEX,INDEX@} @{LINE,SERIAL@}
29 /STATISTICS=@{ALL,MEAN,SEMEAN,STDDEV,VARIANCE,KURTOSIS,
30 SKEWNESS,RANGE,MINIMUM,MAXIMUM,SUM,DEFAULT,
31 SESKEWNESS,SEKURTOSIS@}
32 /SORT=@{NONE,MEAN,SEMEAN,STDDEV,VARIANCE,KURTOSIS,SKEWNESS,
33 RANGE,MINIMUM,MAXIMUM,SUM,SESKEWNESS,SEKURTOSIS,NAME@}
37 The @cmd{DESCRIPTIVES} procedure reads the active file and outputs
39 statistics requested by the user. In addition, it can optionally
42 The VARIABLES subcommand, which is required, specifies the list of
43 variables to be analyzed. Keyword VARIABLES is optional.
45 All other subcommands are optional:
47 The MISSING subcommand determines the handling of missing variables. If
48 INCLUDE is set, then user-missing values are included in the
49 calculations. If NOINCLUDE is set, which is the default, user-missing
50 values are excluded. If VARIABLE is set, then missing values are
51 excluded on a variable by variable basis; if LISTWISE is set, then
52 the entire case is excluded whenever any value in that case has a
53 system-missing or, if INCLUDE is set, user-missing value.
55 The FORMAT subcommand affects the output format. Currently the
56 LABELS/NOLABELS and NOINDEX/INDEX settings are not used. When SERIAL is
57 set, both valid and missing number of cases are listed in the output;
58 when NOSERIAL is set, only valid cases are listed.
60 The SAVE subcommand causes @cmd{DESCRIPTIVES} to calculate Z scores for all
61 the specified variables. The Z scores are saved to new variables.
62 Variable names are generated by trying first the original variable name
63 with Z prepended and truncated to a maximum of 8 characters, then the
64 names ZSC000 through ZSC999, STDZ00 through STDZ09, ZZZZ00 through
65 ZZZZ09, ZQZQ00 through ZQZQ09, in that sequence. In addition, Z score
66 variable names can be specified explicitly on VARIABLES in the variable
67 list by enclosing them in parentheses after each variable.
69 The STATISTICS subcommand specifies the statistics to be displayed:
73 All of the statistics below.
77 Standard error of the mean.
83 Kurtosis and standard error of the kurtosis.
85 Skewness and standard error of the skewness.
95 Mean, standard deviation of the mean, minimum, maximum.
97 Standard error of the kurtosis.
99 Standard error of the skewness.
102 The SORT subcommand specifies how the statistics should be sorted. Most
103 of the possible values should be self-explanatory. NAME causes the
104 statistics to be sorted by name. By default, the statistics are listed
105 in the order that they are specified on the VARIABLES subcommand. The A
106 and D settings request an ascending or descending sort order,
116 /FORMAT=@{TABLE,NOTABLE,LIMIT(limit)@}
117 @{STANDARD,CONDENSE,ONEPAGE[(onepage_limit)]@}
119 @{AVALUE,DVALUE,AFREQ,DFREQ@}
122 /MISSING=@{EXCLUDE,INCLUDE@}
123 /STATISTICS=@{DEFAULT,MEAN,SEMEAN,MEDIAN,MODE,STDDEV,VARIANCE,
124 KURTOSIS,SKEWNESS,RANGE,MINIMUM,MAXIMUM,SUM,
125 SESKEWNESS,SEKURTOSIS,ALL,NONE@}
127 /PERCENTILES=percent@dots{}
128 /HISTOGRAM=[MINIMUM(x_min)] [MAXIMUM(x_max)]
129 [@{FREQ,PCNT@}] [@{NONORMAL,NORMAL@}]
130 /PIECHART=[MINIMUM(x_min)] [MAXIMUM(x_max)] @{NOMISSING,MISSING@}
132 (These options are not currently implemented.)
138 /VARIABLES=var_list (low,high)@dots{}
141 The @cmd{FREQUENCIES} procedure outputs frequency tables for specified
143 @cmd{FREQUENCIES} can also calculate and display descriptive statistics
144 (including median and mode) and percentiles.
146 @cmd{FREQUENCIES} also support graphical output in the form of
147 histograms and pie charts. In the future, it will be able to produce
148 bar charts and output percentiles for grouped data.
150 The VARIABLES subcommand is the only required subcommand. Specify the
151 variables to be analyzed. In most cases, this is all that is required.
152 This is known as @dfn{general mode}.
154 Occasionally, one may want to invoke a special mode called @dfn{integer
155 mode}. Normally, in general mode, PSPP will automatically determine
156 what values occur in the data. In integer mode, the user specifies the
157 range of values that the data assumes. To invoke this mode, specify a
158 range of data values in parentheses, separated by a comma. Data values
159 inside the range are truncated to the nearest integer, then assigned to
160 that value. If values occur outside this range, they are discarded.
162 The FORMAT subcommand controls the output format. It has several
167 TABLE, the default, causes a frequency table to be output for every
168 variable specified. NOTABLE prevents them from being output. LIMIT
169 with a numeric argument causes them to be output except when there are
170 more than the specified number of values in the table.
173 STANDARD frequency tables contain more complete information, but also to
174 take up more space on the printed page. CONDENSE frequency tables are
175 less informative but take up less space. ONEPAGE with a numeric
176 argument will output standard frequency tables if there are the
177 specified number of values or less, condensed tables otherwise. ONEPAGE
178 without an argument defaults to a threshold of 50 values.
181 LABELS causes value labels to be displayed in STANDARD frequency
182 tables. NOLABLES prevents this.
185 Normally frequency tables are sorted in ascending order by value. This
186 is AVALUE. DVALUE tables are sorted in descending order by value.
187 AFREQ and DFREQ tables are sorted in ascending and descending order,
188 respectively, by frequency count.
191 SINGLE spaced frequency tables are closely spaced. DOUBLE spaced
192 frequency tables have wider spacing.
195 OLDPAGE and NEWPAGE are not currently used.
198 The MISSING subcommand controls the handling of user-missing values.
199 When EXCLUDE, the default, is set, user-missing values are not included
200 in frequency tables or statistics. When INCLUDE is set, user-missing
201 are included. System-missing values are never included in statistics,
202 but are listed in frequency tables.
204 The available STATISTICS are the same as available in @cmd{DESCRIPTIVES}
205 (@pxref{DESCRIPTIVES}), with the addition of MEDIAN, the data's median
206 value, and MODE, the mode. (If there are multiple modes, the smallest
207 value is reported.) By default, the mean, standard deviation of the
208 mean, minimum, and maximum are reported for each variable.
211 PERCENTILES causes the specified percentiles to be reported.
212 The percentiles should be presented at a list of numbers between 0
214 The NTILES subcommand causes the percentiles to be reported at the
215 boundaries of the data set divided into the specified number of ranges.
216 For instance, @code{/NTILES=4} would cause quartiles to be reported.
218 The HISTOGRAM subcommand causes the output to include a histogram for
219 each specified variable. The X axis by default ranges from the
220 minimum to the maximum value observed in the data, but the MINIMUM and
221 MAXIMUM keywords can set an explicit range. The Y axis by default is
222 labeled in frequencies; use the PERCENT keyword to causes it to be
223 labeled in percent of the total observed count. Specify NORMAL to
224 superimpose a normal curve on the histogram.
226 The PIECHART adds a pie chart for each variable to the data. Each
227 slice represents one value, with the size of the slice proportional to
228 the value's frequency. By default, all non-missing values are given
229 slices. The MINIMUM and MAXIMUM keywords can be used to limit the
230 displayed slices to a given range of values. The MISSING keyword adds
231 slices for missing values.
234 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
238 @cindex Normality, testing for
242 VARIABLES=var_list [BY factor_list ]
243 /STATISTICS=@{DESCRIPTIVES, EXTREME[(n)], ALL, NONE@}
244 /PLOT=@{BOXPLOT, NPPLOT, HISTOGRAM, ALL, NONE@}
246 /COMPARE=@{GROUPS,VARIABLES@}
247 /ID=@{case_number, var_name@}
249 /PERCENTILE=[value_list]=@{HAVERAGE, WAVERAGE, ROUND, AEMPIRICAL, EMPIRICAL @}
250 /MISSING=@{LISTWISE, PAIRWISE@} [@{EXCLUDE, INCLUDE@}]
251 [@{NOREPORT,REPORT@}]
255 The @cmd{EXAMINE} command is used to test how closely a distribution is to a
256 normal distribution. It also shows you outliers and extreme values.
258 The VARIABLES subcommand specifies the dependent variables and the
259 independent variable to use as factors for the analysis. Variables
260 listed before the first BY keyword are the dependent variables.
261 The dependent variables may optionally be followed by a list of
262 factors which tell PSPP how to break down the analysis for each
263 dependent variable. The format for each factor is
269 The STATISTICS subcommand specifies the analysis to be done.
270 DESCRIPTIVES will produce a table showing some parametric and
271 non-parametrics statistics. EXTREME produces a table showing extreme
272 values of the dependent variable. A number in parentheses determines
273 how many upper and lower extremes to show. The default number is 5.
276 The PLOT subcommand specifies which plots are to be produced if any.
278 The COMPARE subcommand is only relevant if producing boxplots, and it is only
279 useful there is more than one dependent variable and at least one factor. If
280 /COMPARE=GROUPS is specified, then one plot per dependent variable is produced,
281 containing boxplots for all the factors.
282 If /COMPARE=VARIABLES is specified, then one plot per factor is produced, each
283 each containing one boxplot per dependent variable.
284 If the /COMPARE subcommand is ommitted, then PSPP uses the default value of
287 The CINTERVAL subcommand specifies the confidence interval to use in
288 calculation of the descriptives command. The default it 95%.
291 The PERCENTILES subcommand specifies which percentiles are to be calculated,
292 and which algorithm to use for calculating them. The default is to
293 calculate the 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95 percentiles using the
296 The TOTAL and NOTOTAL subcommands are mutually exclusive. If NOTOTAL
297 is given and factors have been specified in the VARIABLES subcommand,
298 then then statistics for the unfactored dependent variables are
299 produced in addition to the factored variables. If there are no
300 factors specified then TOTAL and NOTOTAL have no effect.
303 If many dependent variable are given, or factors are given for which
304 there are many distinct values, then @cmd{EXAMINE} will produce a very
305 large quantity of output.
314 /TABLES=var_list BY var_list [BY var_list]@dots{}
315 /MISSING=@{TABLE,INCLUDE,REPORT@}
316 /WRITE=@{NONE,CELLS,ALL@}
317 /FORMAT=@{TABLES,NOTABLES@}
318 @{LABELS,NOLABELS,NOVALLABS@}
323 /CELLS=@{COUNT,ROW,COLUMN,TOTAL,EXPECTED,RESIDUAL,SRESIDUAL,
324 ASRESIDUAL,ALL,NONE@}
325 /STATISTICS=@{CHISQ,PHI,CC,LAMBDA,UC,BTAU,CTAU,RISK,GAMMA,D,
326 KAPPA,ETA,CORR,ALL,NONE@}
329 /VARIABLES=var_list (low,high)@dots{}
332 The @cmd{CROSSTABS} procedure displays crosstabulation
333 tables requested by the user. It can calculate several statistics for
334 each cell in the crosstabulation tables. In addition, a number of
335 statistics can be calculated for each table itself.
337 The TABLES subcommand is used to specify the tables to be reported. Any
338 number of dimensions is permitted, and any number of variables per
339 dimension is allowed. The TABLES subcommand may be repeated as many
340 times as needed. This is the only required subcommand in @dfn{general
343 Occasionally, one may want to invoke a special mode called @dfn{integer
344 mode}. Normally, in general mode, PSPP automatically determines
345 what values occur in the data. In integer mode, the user specifies the
346 range of values that the data assumes. To invoke this mode, specify the
347 VARIABLES subcommand, giving a range of data values in parentheses for
348 each variable to be used on the TABLES subcommand. Data values inside
349 the range are truncated to the nearest integer, then assigned to that
350 value. If values occur outside this range, they are discarded. When it
351 is present, the VARIABLES subcommand must precede the TABLES
354 In general mode, numeric and string variables may be specified on
355 TABLES. Although long string variables are allowed, only their
356 initial short-string parts are used. In integer mode, only numeric
357 variables are allowed.
359 The MISSING subcommand determines the handling of user-missing values.
360 When set to TABLE, the default, missing values are dropped on a table by
361 table basis. When set to INCLUDE, user-missing values are included in
362 tables and statistics. When set to REPORT, which is allowed only in
363 integer mode, user-missing values are included in tables but marked with
364 an @samp{M} (for ``missing'') and excluded from statistical
367 Currently the WRITE subcommand is ignored.
369 The FORMAT subcommand controls the characteristics of the
370 crosstabulation tables to be displayed. It has a number of possible
375 TABLES, the default, causes crosstabulation tables to be output.
376 NOTABLES suppresses them.
379 LABELS, the default, allows variable labels and value labels to appear
380 in the output. NOLABELS suppresses them. NOVALLABS displays variable
381 labels but suppresses value labels.
384 PIVOT, the default, causes each TABLES subcommand to be displayed in a
385 pivot table format. NOPIVOT causes the old-style crosstabulation format
389 AVALUE, the default, causes values to be sorted in ascending order.
390 DVALUE asserts a descending sort order.
393 INDEX/NOINDEX is currently ignored.
396 BOX/NOBOX is currently ignored.
399 The CELLS subcommand controls the contents of each cell in the displayed
400 crosstabulation table. The possible settings are:
416 Standardized residual.
418 Adjusted standardized residual.
422 Suppress cells entirely.
425 @samp{/CELLS} without any settings specified requests COUNT, ROW,
426 COLUMN, and TOTAL. If CELLS is not specified at all then only COUNT
429 The STATISTICS subcommand selects statistics for computation:
436 Pearson chi-square, likelihood ratio, Fisher's exact test, continuity
437 correction, linear-by-linear association.
441 Contingency coefficient.
445 Uncertainty coefficient.
461 Spearman correlation, Pearson's r.
468 Selected statistics are only calculated when appropriate for the
469 statistic. Certain statistics require tables of a particular size, and
470 some statistics are calculated only in integer mode.
472 @samp{/STATISTICS} without any settings selects CHISQ. If the
473 STATISTICS subcommand is not given, no statistics are calculated.
475 @strong{Please note:} Currently the implementation of CROSSTABS has the
480 Pearson's R (but not Spearman) is off a little.
482 T values for Spearman's R and Pearson's R are wrong.
484 Significance of symmetric and directional measures is not calculated.
486 Asymmetric ASEs and T values for lambda are wrong.
488 ASE of Goodman and Kruskal's tau is not calculated.
490 ASE of symmetric somers' d is wrong.
492 Approximate T of uncertainty coefficient is wrong.
495 Fixes for any of these deficiencies would be welcomed.
501 @cindex nonparametric tests
506 nonparametric test subcommands
511 [ /STATISTICS=@{DESCRIPTIVES@} ]
513 [ /MISSING=@{ANALYSIS, LISTWISE@} @{INCLUDE, EXCLUDE@} ]
516 NPAR TESTS performs nonparametric tests.
517 Non parametric tests make very few assumptions about the distribution of the
519 One or more tests may be specified by using the corresponding subcommand.
520 If the /STATISTICS subcommand is also specified, then summary statistics are
521 produces for each variable that is the subject of any test.
525 * BINOMIAL:: Binomial Test
526 * CHISQUARE:: Chisquare Test
531 @subsection Binomial test
533 @cindex binomial test
536 [ /BINOMIAL[(p)]=var_list[(value1[, value2)] ] ]
539 The binomial test compares the observed distribution of a dichotomous
540 variable with that of a binomial distribution.
541 The variable @var{p} specifies the test proportion of the binomial
543 The default value of 0.5 is assumed if @var{p} is omitted.
545 If a single value appears after the variable list, then that value is
546 used as the threshold to partition the observed values. Values less
547 than or equal to the threshold value form the first category. Values
548 greater than the threshold form the second category.
550 If two values appear after the variable list, then they will be used
551 as the values which a variable must take to be in the respective
553 Cases for which a variable takes a value equal to neither of the specified
554 values, take no part in the test for that variable.
556 If no values appear, then the variable must assume dichotomous
558 If more than two distinct, non-missing values for a variable
559 under test are encountered then an error occurs.
561 If the test proportion is equal to 0.5, then a one tailed test is
562 reported. For any other test proportion, a one tailed test is
564 For one tailed tests, if the test proportion is less than
565 or equal to the observed proportion, then the significance of
566 observing the observed proportion or more is reported.
567 If the test proportion is more than the observed proportion, then the
568 significance of observing the observed proportion or less is reported.
569 That is to say, the test is always performed in the observed
572 PSPP uses a very precise approximation to the gamma function to
573 compute the binomial significance. Thus, exact results are reported
574 even for very large sample sizes.
579 @subsection Chisquare test
581 @cindex chisquare test
585 [ /CHISQUARE=var_list[(lo,hi)] [/EXPECTED=@{EQUAL|f1, f2 @dots{} fn@}] ]
589 The chisquare test produces a chi-square statistic for the differences
590 between the expected and observed frequencies of the categories of a variable.
591 Optionally, a range of values may appear after the variable list.
592 If a range is given, then non integer values are truncated, and values
593 outside the specified range are excluded from the analysis.
595 The /EXPECTED subcommand specifies the expected values of each
597 There must be exactly one non-zero expected value, for each observed
598 category, or the EQUAL keywork must be specified.
599 You may use the notation @var{n}*@var{f} to specify @var{n}
600 consecutive expected categories all taking a frequency of @var{f}.
601 The frequencies given are proportions, not absolute frequencies. The
602 sum of the frequencies need not be 1.
603 If no /EXPECTED subcommand is given, then then equal frequencies
608 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
615 /MISSING=@{ANALYSIS,LISTWISE@} @{EXCLUDE,INCLUDE@}
616 /CRITERIA=CIN(confidence)
624 (Independent Samples mode.)
625 GROUPS=var(value1 [, value2])
629 (Paired Samples mode.)
630 PAIRS=var_list [WITH var_list [(PAIRED)] ]
635 The @cmd{T-TEST} procedure outputs tables used in testing hypotheses about
637 It operates in one of three modes:
639 @item One Sample mode.
640 @item Independent Groups mode.
645 Each of these modes are described in more detail below.
646 There are two optional subcommands which are common to all modes.
648 The @cmd{/CRITERIA} subcommand tells PSPP the confidence interval used
649 in the tests. The default value is 0.95.
652 The @cmd{MISSING} subcommand determines the handling of missing
654 If INCLUDE is set, then user-missing values are included in the
655 calculations, but system-missing values are not.
656 If EXCLUDE is set, which is the default, user-missing
657 values are excluded as well as system-missing values.
660 If LISTWISE is set, then the entire case is excluded from analysis
661 whenever any variable specified in the @cmd{/VARIABLES}, @cmd{/PAIRS} or
662 @cmd{/GROUPS} subcommands contains a missing value.
663 If ANALYSIS is set, then missing values are excluded only in the analysis for
664 which they would be needed. This is the default.
668 * One Sample Mode:: Testing against a hypothesised mean
669 * Independent Samples Mode:: Testing two independent groups for equal mean
670 * Paired Samples Mode:: Testing two interdependent groups for equal mean
673 @node One Sample Mode
674 @subsection One Sample Mode
676 The @cmd{TESTVAL} subcommand invokes the One Sample mode.
677 This mode is used to test a population mean against a hypothesised
679 The value given to the @cmd{TESTVAL} subcommand is the value against
680 which you wish to test.
681 In this mode, you must also use the @cmd{/VARIABLES} subcommand to
682 tell PSPP which variables you wish to test.
684 @node Independent Samples Mode
685 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
686 @subsection Independent Samples Mode
688 The @cmd{GROUPS} subcommand invokes Independent Samples mode or
690 This mode is used to test whether two groups of values have the
691 same population mean.
692 In this mode, you must also use the @cmd{/VARIABLES} subcommand to
693 tell PSPP the dependent variables you wish to test.
695 The variable given in the @cmd{GROUPS} subcommand is the independent
696 variable which determines to which group the samples belong.
697 The values in parentheses are the specific values of the independent
698 variable for each group.
699 If the parentheses are omitted and no values are given, the default values
700 of 1.0 and 2.0 are assumed.
702 If the independent variable is numeric,
703 it is acceptable to specify only one value inside the parentheses.
704 If you do this, cases where the independent variable is
705 greater than or equal to this value belong to the first group, and cases
706 less than this value belong to the second group.
707 When using this form of the @cmd{GROUPS} subcommand, missing values in
708 the independent variable are excluded on a listwise basis, regardless
709 of whether @cmd{/MISSING=LISTWISE} was specified.
712 @node Paired Samples Mode
713 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
714 @subsection Paired Samples Mode
716 The @cmd{PAIRS} subcommand introduces Paired Samples mode.
717 Use this mode when repeated measures have been taken from the same
719 If the @code{WITH} keyword is omitted, then tables for all
720 combinations of variables given in the @cmd{PAIRS} subcommand are
722 If the @code{WITH} keyword is given, and the @code{(PAIRED)} keyword
723 is also given, then the number of variables preceding @code{WITH}
724 must be the same as the number following it.
725 In this case, tables for each respective pair of variables are
727 In the event that the @code{WITH} keyword is given, but the
728 @code{(PAIRED)} keyword is omitted, then tables for each combination
729 of variable preceding @code{WITH} against variable following
730 @code{WITH} are generated.
734 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
738 @cindex analysis of variance
743 [/VARIABLES = ] var_list BY var
744 /MISSING=@{ANALYSIS,LISTWISE@} @{EXCLUDE,INCLUDE@}
745 /CONTRASTS= value1 [, value2] ... [,valueN]
746 /STATISTICS=@{DESCRIPTIVES,HOMOGENEITY@}
750 The @cmd{ONEWAY} procedure performs a one-way analysis of variance of
751 variables factored by a single independent variable.
752 It is used to compare the means of a population
753 divided into more than two groups.
755 The variables to be analysed should be given in the @code{VARIABLES}
757 The list of variables must be followed by the @code{BY} keyword and
758 the name of the independent (or factor) variable.
760 You can use the @code{STATISTICS} subcommand to tell PSPP to display
761 ancilliary information. The options accepted are:
764 Displays descriptive statistics about the groups factored by the independent
767 Displays the Levene test of Homogeneity of Variance for the
768 variables and their groups.
771 The @code{CONTRASTS} subcommand is used when you anticipate certain
772 differences between the groups.
773 The subcommand must be followed by a list of numerals which are the
774 coefficients of the groups to be tested.
775 The number of coefficients must correspond to the number of distinct
776 groups (or values of the independent variable).
777 If the total sum of the coefficients are not zero, then PSPP will
778 display a warning, but will proceed with the analysis.
779 The @code{CONTRASTS} subcommand may be given up to 10 times in order
780 to specify different contrast tests.
784 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
790 [VARIABLES=] var_list [@{A,D@}] [BY var_list]
791 /TIES=@{MEAN,LOW,HIGH,CONDENSE@}
792 /FRACTION=@{BLOM,TUKEY,VW,RANKIT@}
794 /MISSING=@{EXCLUDE,INCLUDE@}
796 /RANK [INTO var_list]
797 /NTILES(k) [INTO var_list]
798 /NORMAL [INTO var_list]
799 /PERCENT [INTO var_list]
800 /RFRACTION [INTO var_list]
801 /PROPORTION [INTO var_list]
803 /SAVAGE [INTO var_list]
806 The @cmd{RANK} command ranks variables and stores the results into new
809 The VARIABLES subcommand, which is mandatory, specifies one or
810 more variables whose values are to be ranked.
811 After each variable, @samp{A} or @samp{D} may appear, indicating that
812 the variable is to be ranked in ascending or descending order.
813 Ascending is the default.
814 If a BY keyword appears, it should be followed by a list of variables
815 which are to serve as group variables.
816 In this case, the cases are gathered into groups, and ranks calculated
819 The TIES subcommand specifies how tied values are to be treated. The
820 default is to take the mean value of all the tied cases.
822 The FRACTION subcommand specifies how proportional ranks are to be
823 calculated. This only has any effect if NORMAL or PROPORTIONAL rank
824 functions are requested.
826 The PRINT subcommand may be used to specify that a summary of the rank
827 variables created should appear in the output.
829 The function subcommands are RANK, NTILES, NORMAL, PERCENT, RFRACTION,
830 PROPORTION and SAVAGE. Any number of function subcommands may appear.
831 If none are given, then the default is RANK.
832 The NTILES subcommand must take an integer specifying the number of
833 partitions into which values should be ranked.
834 Each subcommand may be followed by the INTO keyword and a list of
835 variables which are the variables to be created and receive the rank
836 scores. There may be as many variables specified as there are
837 variables named on the VARIABLES subcommand. If fewer are specified,
838 then the variable names are automatically created.
840 The MISSING subcommand determines how user missing values are to be
841 treated. A setting of EXCLUDE means that variables whose values are
842 user-missing are to be excluded from the rank scores. A setting of
843 INCLUDE means they are to be included. The default is EXCLUDE.
845 @include regression.texi