From 56cbb99461d59da7c41271b0787a7a23823e8834 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ben Pfaff Date: Sun, 19 Sep 2004 07:05:23 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Update docs. --- doc/userprog.texi | 173 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------- 1 file changed, 99 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-) diff --git a/doc/userprog.texi b/doc/userprog.texi index 14a282d..8cb90d5 100644 --- a/doc/userprog.texi +++ b/doc/userprog.texi @@ -230,10 +230,9 @@ it ``handles'' system calls by terminating the process. You will need to decipher system call arguments and take the appropriate action for each. -In addition, implement system calls and system call handling. You are -required to support the following system calls, whose syscall numbers -are defined in @file{lib/syscall-nr.h} and whose C functions called by -user programs are prototyped in @file{lib/user/syscall.h}: +You are required to support the following system calls, whose syscall +numbers are defined in @file{lib/syscall-nr.h} and whose C functions +called by user programs are prototyped in @file{lib/user/syscall.h}: @table @code @item SYS_halt @@ -259,9 +258,9 @@ which otherwise should not be a valid id number. Joins the process @var{pid}, using the join rules from the last assignment, and returns the process's exit status. If the process was terminated by the kernel (i.e.@: killed due to an exception), the exit -status should be -1. If the process was not a child process, the -return value is undefined (but kernel operation must not be -disrupted). +status should be -1. If the process was not a child of the calling +process, the return value is undefined (but kernel operation must not +be disrupted). @item SYS_create @itemx bool create (const char *@var{file}) @@ -322,9 +321,8 @@ is not safe to call into the filesystem code provided in the @file{filesys} directory from multiple threads at once. For now, we recommend adding a single lock that controls access to the filesystem code. You should acquire this lock before calling any functions in -the @file{filesys} directory, and release it afterward. Because it -calls into @file{filesys} functions, you will have to modify -@file{addrspace_load()} in the same way. @strong{For now, we +the @file{filesys} directory, and release it afterward. Don't forget +that @file{addrspace_load()} also accesses files. @strong{For now, we recommend against modifying code in the @file{filesys} directory.} We have provided you a function for each system call in @@ -437,10 +435,17 @@ Each character is 1 byte. You should assume that command line arguments are delimited by white space. +@item +@b{What is the maximum length of the command line arguments?} + +You can impose some reasonable maximum as long as you're prepared to +defend it in your @file{DESIGNDOC}. + @item @b{How do I parse all these argument strings?} -We recommend you look at @code{strtok_r()}, prototyped in +You're welcome to use any technique you please, as long as it works. +If you're lost, look at @code{strtok_r()}, prototyped in @file{lib/string.h} and implemented with thorough comments in @file{lib/string.c}. You can find more about it by looking at the man page (run @code{man strtok_r} at the prompt). @@ -455,6 +460,13 @@ will be at address @t{0xbffffffc}. Also, the stack should always be aligned to a 4-byte boundary, but @t{0xbfffffff} isn't. + +@item +@b{Is @code{PHYS_BASE} fixed?} + +No. You should be able to support @code{PHYS_BASE} values that are +any multiple of @t{0x10000000) from @t{0x80000000} to @t{0xc0000000}, +simply via recompilation. @end enumerate @item System Calls FAQs @@ -500,8 +512,9 @@ or the machine shuts down. @b{What happens if a system call is passed an invalid argument, such as Open being called with an invalid filename?} -Pintos should not crash. You should have your system calls check for -invalid arguments and return error codes. +Pintos should not crash. Acceptable options include returning an +error value (for those calls that return a value), returning an +undefined value, or terminating the process. @item @b{I've discovered that some of my user programs need more than one 4 @@ -578,16 +591,19 @@ and looking around a bit. However, you can just act as if @code{main()} is the very first function called.) Pintos is written for the 80@var{x}86 architecture. Therefore, we -need to adhere to the 80@var{x}86 calling convention, which is -detailed in the FAQ. Basically, you put all the arguments on the -stack and move the stack pointer appropriately. The program will -assume that this has been done when it begins running. +need to adhere to the 80@var{x}86 calling convention. Basically, you +put all the arguments on the stack and move the stack pointer +appropriately. You also need to insert space for the function's +``return address'': even though the initial function doesn't really +have a caller, its stack frame must have the same layout as any other +function's. The program will assume that the stack has been laid out +this way when it begins running. So, what are the arguments to @code{main()}? Just two: an @samp{int} (@code{argc}) and a @samp{char **} (@code{argv}). @code{argv} is an array of strings, and @code{argc} is the number of strings in that -array. However, the hard part isn't these two things. The hard part is -getting all the individual strings in the right place. As we go +array. However, the hard part isn't these two things. The hard part +is getting all the individual strings in the right place. As we go through the procedure, let us consider the following example command: @samp{/bin/ls -l *.h *.c}. @@ -615,59 +631,76 @@ there. However, since the stack pointer should always be word-aligned, we instead leave the stack pointer at @t{0xffe8}. Once we align the stack pointer, we then push the elements of the -argument vector (that is, the addresses of the strings @samp{/bin/ls}, -@samp{-l}, @samp{*.h}, and @samp{*.c}) onto the stack. This must be -done in reverse order, such that @code{argv[0]} is at the lowest -virtual address (again, because the stack is growing downward). This -is because we are now writing the actual array of strings; if we write -them in the wrong order, then the strings will be in the wrong order -in the array. This is also why, strictly speaking, it doesn't matter -what order the strings themselves are placed on the stack: as long as -the pointers are in the right order, the strings themselves can really -be anywhere. After we finish, we note the stack address of the first -element of the argument vector, which is @code{argv} itself. - -Finally, we push @code{argv} (that is, the address of the first -element of the @code{argv} array) onto the stack, along with the -length of the argument vector (@code{argc}, 4 in this example). This -must also be done in this order, since @code{argc} is the first -argument to main and therefore is on first (smaller address) on the -stack. We leave the stack pointer to point to the location where -@code{argc} is, because it is at the top of the stack, the location -directly below @code{argc}. - -All of which may sound very confusing, so here's a picture which will +argument vector, that is, a null pointer, then the addresses of the +strings @samp{/bin/ls}, @samp{-l}, @samp{*.h}, and @samp{*.c}) onto +the stack. This must be done in reverse order, such that +@code{argv[0]} is at the lowest virtual address, again because the +stack is growing downward. (The null pointer pushed first is because +@code{argv[argc]} must be a null pointer.) This is because we are now +writing the actual array of strings; if we write them in the wrong +order, then the strings will be in the wrong order in the array. This +is also why, strictly speaking, it doesn't matter what order the +strings themselves are placed on the stack: as long as the pointers +are in the right order, the strings themselves can really be anywhere. +After we finish, we note the stack address of the first element of the +argument vector, which is @code{argv} itself. + +Then we push @code{argv} (that is, the address of the first element of +the @code{argv} array) onto the stack, along with the length of the +argument vector (@code{argc}, 4 in this example). This must also be +done in this order, since @code{argc} is the first argument to +@code{main()} and therefore is on first (smaller address) on the +stack. Finally, we push a fake ``return address'' and leave the stack +pointer to point to its location. + +All this may sound very confusing, so here's a picture which will hopefully clarify what's going on. This represents the state of the stack and the relevant registers right before the beginning of the -user program (assuming for this example a 16-bit virtual address space -with addresses from @t{0x0000} to @t{0xffff}): +user program (assuming for this example that the stack bottom is +@t{0xc0000000}): @html
@end html -@multitable {@t{0xffff}} {word-align} {@t{/bin/ls\0}} +@multitable {@t{0xbfffffff}} {``return address''} {@t{/bin/ls\0}} @item Address @tab Name @tab Data -@item @t{0xfffc} @tab @code{*argv[3]} @tab @samp{*.c\0} -@item @t{0xfff8} @tab @code{*argv[2]} @tab @samp{*.h\0} -@item @t{0xfff5} @tab @code{*argv[1]} @tab @samp{-l\0} -@item @t{0xffed} @tab @code{*argv[0]} @tab @samp{/bin/ls\0} -@item @t{0xffec} @tab word-align @tab @samp{\0} -@item @t{0xffe8} @tab @code{argv[3]} @tab @t{0xfffc} -@item @t{0xffe4} @tab @code{argv[2]} @tab @t{0xfff8} -@item @t{0xffe0} @tab @code{argv[1]} @tab @t{0xfff5} -@item @t{0xffdc} @tab @code{argv[0]} @tab @t{0xffed} -@item @t{0xffd8} @tab @code{argv} @tab @t{0xffdc} -@item @t{0xffd4} @tab @code{argc} @tab 4 +@item @t{0xbffffffc} @tab @code{*argv[3]} @tab @samp{*.c\0} +@item @t{0xbffffff8} @tab @code{*argv[2]} @tab @samp{*.h\0} +@item @t{0xbffffff5} @tab @code{*argv[1]} @tab @samp{-l\0} +@item @t{0xbfffffed} @tab @code{*argv[0]} @tab @samp{/bin/ls\0} +@item @t{0xbfffffec} @tab word-align @tab @samp{\0} +@item @t{0xbfffffe8} @tab @code{argv[4]} @tab @t{0} +@item @t{0xbfffffe4} @tab @code{argv[3]} @tab @t{0xbffffffc} +@item @t{0xbfffffe0} @tab @code{argv[2]} @tab @t{0xbffffff8} +@item @t{0xbfffffdc} @tab @code{argv[1]} @tab @t{0xbffffff5} +@item @t{0xbfffffd8} @tab @code{argv[0]} @tab @t{0xbfffffed} +@item @t{0xbfffffd4} @tab @code{argv} @tab @t{0xbffffffd8} +@item @t{0xbfffffd0} @tab @code{argc} @tab 4 +@item @t{0xbfffffcc} @tab ``return address'' @tab 0 @end multitable @html
@end html -In this example, the stack pointer would be initialized to @t{0xffd4}. +In this example, the stack pointer would be initialized to +@t{0xbfffffcc}. + +As shown above, your code should start the stack at the very top of +the user virtual address space, in the page just below virtual address +@code{PHYS_BASE} (defined in @file{threads/mmu.h}). -Your code should start the stack at the very top of the user virtual -address space, in the page just below virtual address @code{PHYS_BASE} -(defined in @file{threads/mmu.h}). +You may find the non-standard @code{hex_dump()} function, declared in +@file{}, useful for debugging your argument passing code. +Here's what it would show in the above example, given that +@code{PHYS_BASE} is @t{0xc0000000}, so that the dump starts at virtual +address @t{0xbfffffcc}: + +@example + 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00-d8 ff ff bf ed ff ff bf |................| + f5 ff ff bf f8 ff ff bf-fc ff ff bf 00 00 00 00 |................| + 00 2f 62 69 6e 2f 6c 73-00 2d 6c 00 2a 2e 68 00 |./bin/ls.-l.*.h.| + 2a 2e 63 00 |*.c. | +@end example @node System Calls @section System Calls @@ -683,18 +716,9 @@ errors such as a page fault or division by zero. However, exceptions are also the means by which a user program can request services (``system calls'') from the operating system. -Some exceptions are ``restartable'': the condition that caused the -exception can be fixed and the instruction retried. For example, page -faults call the operating system, but the user code should re-start on -the load or store that caused the exception (not the next one) so that -the memory access actually occurs. On the 80@var{x}86, restartable -exceptions are called ``faults,'' whereas most non-restartable -exceptions are classed as ``traps.'' Other architectures may define -these terms differently. - In the 80@var{x}86 architecture, the @samp{int} instruction is the most commonly used means for invoking system calls. This instruction -is handled in the same way that other software exceptions. In Pintos, +is handled in the same way as other software exceptions. In Pintos, user program invoke @samp{int $0x30} to make a system call. The system call number and any additional arguments are expected to be pushed on the stack in the normal fashion before invoking the @@ -718,16 +742,17 @@ arbitrary: @end html @multitable {Address} {Value} @item Address @tab Value -@item @t{0xfe7c} @tab 3 -@item @t{0xfe78} @tab 2 -@item @t{0xfe74} @tab 1 -@item @t{0xfe70} @tab 10 +@item @t{0xbffffe7c} @tab 3 +@item @t{0xbffffe78} @tab 2 +@item @t{0xbffffe74} @tab 1 +@item @t{0xbffffe70} @tab 10 @end multitable @html @end html -In this example, the caller's stack pointer would be at @t{0xfe70}. +In this example, the caller's stack pointer would be at +@t{0xbffffe70}. The 80@var{x}86 convention for function return values is to place them in the @samp{EAX} register. System calls that return a value can do -- 2.30.2