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+

9. Keyboard-internal scancodes

+ +

+

9.1 Three scancode sets +

+ +

The usual PC keyboards are capable of producing three sets of scancodes. +Writing 0xf0 followed by 1, 2 or 3 to port 0x60 will put the keyboard +in scancode mode 1, 2 or 3. Writing 0xf0 followed by 0 queries the mode, +resulting in a scancode byte 43, 41 or 3f +from the keyboard. +

Set 1 contains the values that the XT keyboard (with only one set +of scancodes) produced, with extensions for new keys. Someone +decided that another numbering was more logical and invented +scancode Set 2. However, it was realized that new scancodes +would break old programs, so the keyboard output was fed to a +8042 microprocessor on the motherboard that could translate Set 2 +back into Set 1. Indeed a smart construction. This is the default today. +Finally there is the PS/2 version, Set 3, more regular, but used by +almost nobody. +

(I wrote this long ago. Nowadays Linux 2.5 may try to use Set 3. +Also certain HP machines, like the PS/2 version of the HP9000 +workstation, have used Set 3.) +

Sets 2 and 3 are designed to be translated by the 8042. +Set 1 should not be translated. +

Not all keyboards support all scancode sets. For example, my MyCom +laptop only supports scancode Set 2, and its keyboard does not react +at all when in mode 1 or 3. +

+

9.2 Make and Break codes +

+ +

The key press / key release is coded as follows: +

For Set 1, if the make code of a key is c, the break code +will be c+0x80. If the make code is e0 c, +the break code will be e0 c+0x80. +The Pause key has make code e1 1d 45 +e1 9d c5 and does not generate a break code. +

For Set 2, if the make code of a key is c, the break code +will be f0 c. If the make code is e0 c, +the break code will be e0 f0 c. +The Pause key has the 8-byte make code e1 14 77 +e1 f0 14 f0 77. +

For Set 3, by default most keys do not generate a break code - only CapsLock, +LShift, RShift, LCtrl and LAlt do. However, by default all non-traditional +keys do generate a break code - thus, LWin, RWin, Menu do, and for example +on the Microsoft Internet keyboard, so do Back, Forward, Stop, +Mail, Search, Favorites, Web/Home, MyComputer, Calculator, Sleep. +On my BTC keyboard, also the Macro key does. +

In Scancode Mode 3 it is possible to enable or disable key repeat +and the production of break codes either on a key-by-key basis +or for all keys at once. +And just like for Set 2, key release is indicated by a f0 prefix +in those cases where it is indicated. +There is nothing special with the Pause key in scancode mode 3. +

+

9.3 Translation +

+ +

The 8042 microprocessor translates the incoming byte stream produced +by the keyboard, and turns an f0 prefix into an OR with +80 for the next byte. + +(Some implementations do this for the next byte that does not have +this bit set already. A consequence is that in Set 3 the keys with Set-3 +value 0x80 or more are broken in a peculiar way: hitting such a key and +then some other key turns the make code for this last key into a break code. +For example the Sleep key on a Microsoft Internet keyboard generates +54 / d4 for press/release. But pressing and +releasing first Menu and then Sleep produces +8d 8d d4 d4 as translation of +8d f0 8d 54 f0 54. +Other implementations are OK.) +

+ +Unless told not to translate, the keyboard controller translates +keyboard scancodes into the scancodes it returns to the CPU +using the following table (in hex): +

+

+

+ 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f
+
+00 ff 43 41 3f 3d 3b 3c 58 64 44 42 40 3e 0f 29 59
+10 65 38 2a 70 1d 10 02 5a 66 71 2c 1f 1e 11 03 5b
+20 67 2e 2d 20 12 05 04 5c 68 39 2f 21 14 13 06 5d
+30 69 31 30 23 22 15 07 5e 6a 72 32 24 16 08 09 5f
+40 6b 33 25 17 18 0b 0a 60 6c 34 35 26 27 19 0c 61
+50 6d 73 28 74 1a 0d 62 6e 3a 36 1c 1b 75 2b 63 76
+60 55 56 77 78 79 7a 0e 7b 7c 4f 7d 4b 47 7e 7f 6f
+70 52 53 50 4c 4d 48 01 45 57 4e 51 4a 37 49 46 54
+80 80? 81 82 41 54 85 86 87 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f
+90 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f
+a0 a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af
+b0 b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 ba bb bc bd be bf
+c0 c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf
+d0 d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5? d6 d7 d8 d9? da? db dc dd de df
+e0 e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 e8 e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef?
+f0 - f1? f2? f3? f4? f5? f6? f7? f8? f9? fa? fb? fc? fd? fe? ff
+ +
+

A reference for the first half of this table is the book by Gary J Konzak +PC 8042 Controller, ISBN 0-929392-21-3. +(Report by vojtech@suse.cz.) +

A way to check this table is: (i) put the keyboard in untranslated modes +1, 2, 3 and look at the +resulting values, +and (ii) put the keyboard in translated scancode modes 1, 2, 3. Now compare +the values. The entries with question marks were not checked in this way. +

Note that the range 01-7f of this table is 1-1. +In the second half of the table, translated and untranslated values +are equal in all known cases, with the two exceptions 83 and 84. +

One asks the controller to transmit untranslated scancodes by writing +a keyboard controller command with bit 5 set and bit 6 cleared. +E.g., use the command byte 45 to get translated codes, +and 24 to get untranslated codes that do not cause interrupts. +

+

Effects of translation

+ +

+

Origin of strange scan code set values

+ +

The keyboard command f0 with argument 1, 2 or 3 +sets the current scancode set, and this same command +with argument 0 asks for the current scancode set. +The reply is 43, 41 or 3f +for sets 1, 2, 3. Why? Because in reality the reply is 1, 2 or 3, +and that is what one sees when translation is off. But translation +turns these into 43, 41, 3f. +

+

Keyboard IDs

+ +

Keyboards do report an ID as a reply to the command + +f2. +(An XT keyboard does not reply, an AT keyboard only replies with an ACK.) +An MF2 AT keyboard reports ID ab 83. +Translation turns this into ab 41. +

Many short keyboards, like IBM ThinkPads, and Spacesaver keyboards, +send ab 84 untranslated, +which becomes ab 54 translated. +(The netbsd source has a misunderstanding here, and seems to associate +the 54 and 84 to the ThinkPad model - cf. the defines +KEYB_R_MF2ID2TP75X, KEYB_R_MF2ID2TP76X.) +

Several 122-key keyboards are reported to send ab 86. +Here translated and untranslated values coincide. +(Reports mention "122-Key Enhanced Keyboard", "standard 122-key keyboard", +"122 Key Mainframe Interactive (MFI) Keyboard".) +

David Monro reports ab 85 for a +NCD N-97 keyboard. +Tim Clarke reports ab 85 for the +"122-Key Host Connect(ed) Keyboard". +

He also reports +Also, when playing with my KVM problems Belkin gave me a +105-key Windows keyboard which Id.s itself as 18ABh. +

Linux 2.5.25 kernel source has 0xaca1 for a +"NCD Sun layout keyboard". It also mentions 0xab02 and 0xab7f, +but these arise as (mistaken) back translations from +ab 41 and ab 54. +

Ralph Brown's Interrupt list mentions "old Japanese 'G', 'P', 'A' keyboards", +with keyboard IDs ab 90, ab 91, +ab 92. Here translated and untranslated versions +coincide. ID ab 90 was also mentioned +above. +

+

+

9.4 Correspondence +

+ +

For the traditional keys the correspondence is fairly clear: +above we saw the +translation table, +and Set 1 equals translated Set 2, and Set 3 equals Set 2 in most cases +where Set 2 has a single (non-escaped) scancode, +and in any case the correspondence is constant (and given +below). +

On the other hand, modern keyboards have all kinds of multimedia +and other additional keys, and what happens for them is completely +random, and varies from keyboard to keyboard. +

Let us look at an example. +

The +Microsoft Internet keyboard +has keys Search, Favorites, Stop, Forward, Back, My Computer, +Mail, Web / Home, Calculator with translated Set 3 scancodes +65, 66, 68, 69, 6a, +6b, 6c, 97, 99, respectively, +and translated Set 2 scancodes e0 xx, with +xx = 65, 66, 68, 69, +6a, 6b, 6c, 32, 21. +

On the other hand, the +IBM Rapid Access II keyboard +has keys CD stop, CD play, Volume D, Volume U, CD back, CD fwd +with translated Set 3 scancodes +69, 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 44, +and translated Set 2 scancodes e0 xx, with +xx = 20, 22, 21, 23, +24, 12. +

Thus, different keyboards have different mappings between Set 2 +and Set 3 codes. +

+

9.5 Use +

+ +

Can these other scancode sets be used? Probably not. +

() Translated scancode Set 1 has weird codes that nobody wants to use. +

(i) My MyCom laptop does not support scancode sets 1 and 3 at all. +

(ii) Some laptops have special key combinations that bring one +into a setup or configuration utility. It is impossible to do +anything useful, or to get out of it again, when the scancode mode +is not translated Set 2. +

(iii) Many keyboards have bugs in scancode sets 1 and/or 3 but +are fine in scancode Set 2. +Vojtech Pavlik reports that his BTC keyboard has the same codes +for the '1' and '2' keys in Set3, both having the code for '1'). +On my BTC keyboard the key up value for Esc and 1 are both ff +in scancode Set 1. My Safeway keyboard has untranslated Set 1 equal +to translated Set 2, except for the multimedia keys, where +untranslated Set 1 equals untranslated Set 2. +

(iv) A big advantage of Set 3 is that each key generates a unique code +so that one does not need to parse sequences. However, the BTC keyboard +mentioned +above generates e0 6f +for its Macro key also in scancode mode 3. The Safeway keyboard mentioned +above does not generate any codes +for its multimedia keys in scancode mode 3. +

(v) Some keyboard controllers cannot handle Set 3 values that are +larger than 0x7f, and give +peculiar results +for e.g. the Windows keys in translated scancode mode 3. +The result is that the following key is "eaten": the key down action +turns into a key up. +

(vi) The USB legacy support only supports translated Set 2. +

(vii) The +Microsoft Keyboard Scan Code Specification writes: +In the very early days of Windows NT, an attempt was made +to use the much more orthogonal Scan Code Set 3, but due to bugs +in the implementation of this Scan Code Set on numerous OEM +keyboards, the idea was abandoned. +And also: Scan Code Set 3 is not used or required for operation +of Microsoft operating systems. +

(viii) Others also tried Set 3. The PS/2 version of the HP9000 +workstation uses it. This is fine with HP's keyboards but causes +some problems with foreign keyboards. +

(ix) It is said that Hal Snyder of Mark Williams, Co remarked: +"We find that about 10% of cheap no-name keyboards do not work +in scan code set 3". +

(x) These days Linux probes the keyboard, and may try to enable Set 3. +This is good for learning a lot about strange keyboards. +It is bad for having a stable system that just works. +

+

9.6 A table +

+ +

(USB codes in decimal, scancodes in hex.) +

+

+

+# USB Set 1 X(Set 1) Set 2 X(Set 2) Set 3 X(Set 3) keycap
+1 53 29 39 0e 29 0e 29 ` ~
+2 30 02 41 16 02 16 02 1 !
+3 31 03 3f 1e 03 1e 03 2 @
+4 32 04 3d 26 04 26 04 3 #
+5 33 05 3b 25 05 25 05 4 $
+6 34 06 3c 2e 06 2e 06 5 % E
+7 35 07 58 36 07 36 07 6 ^
+8 36 08 64 3d 08 3d 08 7 &
+9 37 09 44 3e 09 3e 09 8 *
+10 38 0a 42 46 0a 46 0a 9 (
+11 39 0b 40 45 0b 45 0b 0 )
+12 45 0c 3e 4e 0c 4e 0c - _
+13 46 0d 0f 55 0d 55 0d = +
+15 42 0e 29 66 0e 66 0e Backspace
+16 43 0f 59 0d 0f 0d 0f Tab
+17 20 10 65 15 10 15 10 Q
+18 26 11 38 1d 11 1d 11 W
+19 8 12 2a 24 12 24 12 E
+20 21 13 70 2d 13 2d 13 R
+21 23 14 1d 2c 14 2c 14 T
+22 28 15 10 35 15 35 15 Y
+23 24 16 02 3c 16 3c 16 U
+24 12 17 5a 43 17 43 17 I
+25 18 18 66 44 18 44 18 O
+26 19 19 71 4d 19 4d 19 P
+27 47 1a 2c 54 1a 54 1a [ {
+28 48 1b 1f 5b 1b 5b 1b ] }
+29 49 2b 21 5d 2b 5c 75 \ |
+30 57 3a 32 58 3a 14 1d CapsLock
+31 4 1e 03 1c 1e 1c 1e A
+32 22 1f 5b 1b 1f 1b 1f S
+33 7 20 67 23 20 23 20 D
+34 9 21 2e 2b 21 2b 21 F
+35 10 22 2d 34 22 34 22 G
+36 11 23 20 33 23 33 23 H
+37 13 24 12 3b 24 3b 24 J
+38 14 25 05 42 25 42 25 K
+39 15 26 04 4b 26 4b 26 L
+40 51 27 5c 4c 27 4c 27 ; :
+41 52 28 68 52 28 52 28 ' "
+42 50 00 ff 00 ff 00 ff non-US-1
+43 40 1c 1e 5a 1c 5a 1c Enter
+44 225 2a 2f 12 2a 12 2a LShift
+46 29 2c 14 1a 2c 1a 2c Z
+47 27 2d 13 22 2d 22 2d X
+48 6 2e 06 21 2e 21 2e C
+49 25 2f 5d 2a 2f 2a 2f V
+50 5 30 69 32 30 32 30 B
+51 17 31 31 31 31 31 31 N
+52 16 32 30 3a 32 3a 32 M
+53 54 33 23 41 33 41 33 , <
+54 55 34 22 49 34 49 34 . >
+55 56 35 15 4a 35 4a 35 / ?
+57 229 36 07 59 36 59 36 RShift
+58 224 1d 11 14 1d 11 38 LCtrl
+60 226 38 6a 11 38 19 71 LAlt
+61 44 39 72 29 39 29 39 space
+62 230 e0-38 e0-6a e0-11 e0-38 39 72 RAlt
+64 228 e0-1d e0-11 e0-14 e0-1d 58 3a RCtrl
+75 73 e0-52 e0-28 e0-70 e0-52 67 7b Insert
+76 76 e0-53 e0-74 e0-71 e0-53 64 79 Delete
+80 74 e0-47 e0-60 e0-6c e0-47 6e 7f Home
+81 77 e0-4f e0-61 e0-69 e0-4f 65 7a End
+85 75 e0-49 e0-34 e0-7d e0-49 6f 6f PgUp
+86 78 e0-51 e0-73 e0-7a e0-51 6d 7e PgDn
+79 80 e0-4b e0-26 e0-6b e0-4b 61 56 Left
+83 82 e0-48 e0-6c e0-75 e0-48 63 78 Up
+84 81 e0-50 e0-6d e0-72 e0-50 60 55 Down
+89 79 e0-4d e0-19 e0-74 e0-4d 6a 7d Right
+90 83 45 0b 77 45 76 01 NumLock
+91 95 47 60 6c 47 6c 47 KP-7 / Home
+92 92 4b 26 6b 4b 6b 4b KP-4 / Left
+93 89 4f 61 69 4f 69 4f KP-1 / End
+95 84 e0-35 e0-15 e0-4a e0-35 77 45 KP-/
+96 96 48 6c 75 48 75 48 KP-8 / Up
+97 93 4c 27 73 4c 73 4c KP-5
+98 90 50 6d 72 50 72 50 KP-2 / Down
+99 98 52 28 70 52 70 52 KP-0 / Ins
+100 85 37 5e 7c 37 7e 46 KP-*
+101 97 49 34 7d 49 7d 49 KP-9 / PgUp
+102 94 4d 19 74 4d 74 4d KP-6 / Right
+103 91 51 73 7a 51 7a 51 KP-3 / PgDn
+104 99 53 74 71 53 71 53 KP-. / Del
+105 86 4a 35 7b 4a 84 54 KP--
+106 87 4e 0c 79 4e 7c 37 KP-+
+108 88 e0-1c e0-1e e0-5a e0-1c 79 4e KP-Enter
+110 41 01 43 76 01 08 64 Esc
+112 58 3b 24 05 3b 07 58 F1
+113 59 3c 16 06 3c 0f 59 F2
+114 60 3d 08 04 3d 17 5a F3
+115 61 3e 09 0c 3e 1f 5b F4
+116 62 3f 5f 03 3f 27 5c F5
+117 63 40 6b 0b 40 2f 5d F6
+118 64 41 33 83 41 37 5e F7
+119 65 42 25 0a 42 3f 5f F8
+120 66 43 17 01 43 47 60 F9
+121 67 44 18 09 44 4f 61 F10
+122 68 57 6e 78 57 56 62 F11
+123 69 58 3a 07 58 5e 63 F12
+124 70 e0-37 e0-5e e0-7c e0-37 57 6e PrtScr
+0 154 54 1a 84 54 57 6e Alt+SysRq
+125 71 46 0a 7e 46 5f 76 ScrollLock
+126 72 e1-1d-45 e1-11-0b e1-14-77 e1-1d-45 62 77 Pause
+0 0 e0-46 e0-0a e0-7e e0-46 62 77 Ctrl+Break
+0 227 e0-5b e0-1b e0-1f e0-5b 8b 8b LWin (USB: LGUI)
+0 231 e0-5c e0-75 e0-27 e0-5c 8c 8c RWin (USB: RGUI)
+0 0 e0-5d e0-2b e0-2f e0-5d 8d 8d Menu
+0 0 e0-5f e0-76 e0-3f e0-5f 7f 54 Sleep
+0 0 e0-5e e0-63 e0-37 e0-5e 00 ff Power
+0 0 e0-63 e0-78 e0-5e e0-63 00 ff Wake
+ +
+

+

+

9.7 Vendor extensions +

+ +

+ +Logitech uses an e2 prefix for the codes sent by a +pointing device integrated on the keyboard. +

+

+

+

+

+Next +Previous +Contents + +