From: John Darrington Date: Tue, 31 Jan 2012 21:37:49 +0000 (+0100) Subject: Rewrite documentation for the RECODE command. X-Git-Tag: v0.7.9~2 X-Git-Url: https://pintos-os.org/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?a=commitdiff_plain;h=e5c4ada5c7675c8a54edf71c1a89fa88e1762a6f;p=pspp-builds.git Rewrite documentation for the RECODE command. Reviewed-by: Ben Pfaff --- diff --git a/doc/transformation.texi b/doc/transformation.texi index 883584b9..1c42e542 100644 --- a/doc/transformation.texi +++ b/doc/transformation.texi @@ -487,69 +487,184 @@ When @cmd{IF} is specified following @cmd{TEMPORARY} @section RECODE @vindex RECODE +The @cmd{RECODE} command is used to transform existing values into other, +user specified values. +The general form is: + @display -RECODE var_list (src_value@dots{}=dest_value)@dots{} [INTO var_list]. +RECODE @var{src_vars} + (@var{src_value} @var{src_value} @dots{} = @var{dest_value}) + (@var{src_value} @var{src_value} @dots{} = @var{dest_value}) + (@var{src_value} @var{src_value} @dots{} = @var{dest_value}) @dots{} + [INTO @var{dest_vars}]. +@end display -src_value may take the following forms: - number - string - num1 THRU num2 - MISSING - SYSMIS - ELSE -Open-ended ranges may be specified using LO or LOWEST for num1 -or HI or HIGHEST for num2. +Following the RECODE keyword itself comes @var{src_vars} which is a list +of variables whose values are to be transformed. +These variables may be string variables or they may be numeric. +However the list must be homogeneous; you may not mix string variables and +numeric variables in the same recoding. + +After the list of source variables, there should be one or more @dfn{mappings}. +Each mapping is enclosed in parentheses, and contains the source values and +a destination value separated by a single @samp{=}. +The source values are used to specify the values in the dataset which +need to change, and the destination value specifies the new value +to which they should be changed. +Each @var{src_value} may take one of the following forms: +@itemize @bullet +@item @var{number} +If the source variables are numeric then @var{src_value} may be a literal +number. +@item @var{string} +If the source variables are string variables then @var{src_value} may be a +literal string (like all strings, enclosed in single or double quotes). +@item @var{num1} THRU @var{num2} +This form is valid only when the source variables are numeric. +It specifies all values in the range [@var{num1}, @var{num2}]. +Normally you would ensure that @var{num2} is greater than or equal to +@var{num1}. +If @var{num1} however is greater than @var{num2}, then the range +[@var{num2},@var{num1}] will be used instead. +Open-ended ranges may be specified using @samp{LO} or @samp{LOWEST} +for @var{num1} +or @samp{HI} or @samp{HIGHEST} for @var{num2}. +@item @samp{MISSING} +The literal keyword @samp{MISSING} matches both system missing and user +missing values. +It is valid for both numeric and string variables. +@item @samp{SYSMIS} +The literal keyword @samp{SYSMIS} matches system missing +values. +It is valid for both numeric variables only. +@item @samp{ELSE} +The @samp{ELSE} keyword may be used to match any values which are +not matched by any other @var{src_value} appearing in the command. +If this keyword appears, it should be used in the last mapping of the +command. +@end itemize -dest_value may take the following forms: - num - string - SYSMIS - COPY -@end display +After the source variables comes an @samp{=} and then the @var{dest_value}. +The @var{dest_value} may take any of the following forms: +@itemize @bullet +@item @var{number} +A literal numeric value to which the source values should be changed. +This implies the destination variable must be numeric. +@item @var{string} +A literal string value (enclosed in quotation marks) to which the source +values should be changed. +This implies the destination variable must be a string variable. +@item @samp{SYSMIS} +The keyword @samp{SYSMIS} changes the value to the system missing value. +This implies the destination variable must be numeric. +@item @samp{COPY} +The special keyword @samp{COPY} means that the source value should not be +modified, but +copied directly to the destination value. +This is meaningful only if @samp{INTO @var{dest_vars}} is specified. +@end itemize -@cmd{RECODE} translates data from one range of values to -another, via flexible user-specified mappings. Data may be remapped -in-place or copied to new variables. Numeric and -string data can be recoded. - -Specify the list of source variables, followed by one or more mapping -specifications each enclosed in parentheses. If the data is to be -copied to new variables, specify INTO, then the list of target -variables. String target variables must already have been declared -using @cmd{STRING} or another transformation, but numeric target -variables can -be created on the fly. There must be exactly as many target variables -as source variables. Each source variable is remapped into its -corresponding target variable. - -When INTO is not used, the input and output variables must be of the -same type. Otherwise, string values can be recoded into numeric values, -and vice versa. When this is done and there is no mapping for a -particular value, either a value consisting of all spaces or the -system-missing value is assigned, depending on variable type. - -Mappings are considered from left to right. The first src_value that -matches the value of the source variable causes the target variable to -receive the value indicated by the dest_value. Literal number, string, -and range src_value's should be self-explanatory. MISSING as a -src_value matches any user- or system-missing value. SYSMIS matches the -system missing value only. ELSE is a catch-all that matches anything. -It should be the last src_value specified. - -Numeric and string dest_value's should be self-explanatory. COPY -causes the input values to be copied to the output. This is only valid -if the source and target variables are of the same type. SYSMIS -indicates the system-missing value. - -If the source variables are strings and the target variables are -numeric, then there is one additional mapping available: (CONVERT), -which must be the last specified mapping. CONVERT causes a number -specified as a string to be converted to a numeric value. If the string -cannot be parsed as a number, then the system-missing value is assigned. - -Multiple recodings can be specified on a single @cmd{RECODE} invocation. +Mappings are considered from left to right. +Therefore, if a value is matched by a @var{src_value} from more than +one mapping, the first (leftmost) mapping which matches will be considered. +Any subsequent matches will be ignored. + +The clause @samp{INTO @var{dest_vars}} is optional. +The behaviour of the command is slightly different depending on whether it +appears or not. + +If @samp{INTO @var{dest_vars}} does not appear, then values will be recoded +``in place´´. This means that the recoded values are written back to the +source variables from whence the original values came. +In this case, the @var{dest_value} for every mapping must imply a value which +has the same type as the @var{src_value}. +For example, if the source value is a string value, it is not permissible for +@var{dest_value} to be @samp{SYSMIS} or another forms which implies a numeric +result. +The following example two numeric variables @var{x} and @var{y} are recoded +in place. +Zero is recoded to 99, the values 1 to 10 inclusive are unchanged, +values 1000 and higher are recoded to the system-missing value and all other +values are changed to 999: +@example +recode @var{x} @var{y} + (0 = 99) + (1 THRU 10 = COPY) + (1000 THRU HIGHEST = SYSMIS) + (ELSE = 999). +@end example + +If @samp{INTO @var{dest_vars}} is given, then recoded values are written +into the variables specified in @var{dest_vars}, which must therefore + contain a list of valid variable names. +The number of variables in @var{dest_vars} must be the same as the number +of variables in @var{src_vars} +and the respective order of the variables in @var{dest_vars} corresponds to +the order of @var{src_vars}. +That is to say, recoded values whose +original value came from the @var{n}th variable in @var{src_vars} will be +placed into the @var{n}th variable in @var{dest_vars}. +The source variables will be unchanged. +If any mapping implies a string as its destination value, then the respective +destination variable must already exist, or +have been declared using @cmd{STRING} or another transformation. +Numeric variables however will be automatically created if they don't already +exist. +The following example deals with two source variables, @var{a} and @var{b} +which contain string values. Hence there are two destination variables +@var{v1} and @var{v2}. +Any cases where @var{a} or @var{b} contain the values @samp{apple}, +@samp{pear} or @samp{pomegranate} will result in @var{v1} or @var{v2} being +filled with the string @samp{fruit} whilst cases with +@samp{tomato}, @samp{lettuce} or @samp{carrot} will result in @samp{vegetable}. +Any other values will produce the result @samp{unknown}: +@example +string @var{v1} (a20). +string @var{v2} (a20). + +recode @var{a} @var{b} + ("apple" "pear" "pomegranate" = "fruit") + ("tomato" "lettuce" "carrot" = "vegetable") + (ELSE = "unknown") + into @var{v1} @var{v2}. +@end example + +There is one very special mapping, not mentioned above. +If the source variable is a string variable +then a mapping may be specified as @samp{(CONVERT)}. +This mapping, if it appears must be the last mapping given and +the @samp{INTO @var{dest_vars}} clause must also be given and +must not refer to a string variable. +@samp{CONVERT} causes a number specified as a string to +be converted to a numeric value. +For example it will convert the string @samp{"3"} into the numeric +value 3 (note that it will not convert @samp{three} into 3). +If the string cannot be parsed as a number, then the system-missing value +is assigned instead. +In the following example, cases where the value of @var{x} (a string variable) +is the empty string, are recoded to 999 and all others are converted to the +numeric equivalent of the input value. The results are placed into the +numeric variable @var{y}: +@example +recode @var{x} + ("" = 999) + (convert) + into @var{y}. +@end example + +It is possible to specify multiple recodings on a single command. Introduce additional recodings with a slash (@samp{/}) to -separate them from the previous recodings. +separate them from the previous recodings: +@example +recode + @var{a} (2 = 22) (else = 99) + /@var{b} (1 = 3) into @var{z} + . +@end example +@noindent Here we have two recodings. The first affects the source variable +@var{a} and recodes in-place the value 2 into 22 and all other values to 99. +The second recoding copies the values of @var{b} into the the variable @var{z}, +changing any instances of 1 into 3. @node SORT CASES @section SORT CASES