specified input file that has a variable label for that variable,
and similarly for value labels and missing values.
-- The file label of the new active dataset (*note FILE LABEL::) is
- that of the first specified `FILE` that has a file label.
+- The [file label](../utilities/file-label.md) of the new active
+ dataset is that of the first specified `FILE` that has a file label.
-- The documents in the new active dataset (*note DOCUMENT::) are the
- concatenation of all the input files' documents, in the order in
- which the `FILE` subcommands are specified.
+- The [documents](../utilities/document.md) in the new active dataset
+ are the concatenation of all the input files' documents, in the
+ order in which the `FILE` subcommands are specified.
- If all of the input files are weighted on the same variable, then
the new active dataset is weighted on that variable. Otherwise,
not at the beginning, so that the body of a loop with only a condition
on `END LOOP` will always execute at least once.
-If the index clause is not present, then the global `MXLOOPS`
-setting, which defaults to 40, limits the number of iterations (*note
-SET MXLOOPS::).
+If the index clause is not present, then the global
+[`MXLOOPS`](../utilities/set.md#mxloops) setting, which defaults to
+40, limits the number of iterations.
[`BREAK`](break.md) also terminates `LOOP` execution.
```
`BEGIN DATA` and `END DATA` can be used to embed raw ASCII data in a
-PSPP syntax file. `DATA LIST` or another input procedure must be used
-before `BEGIN DATA` (*note DATA LIST::). `BEGIN DATA` and `END DATA`
-must be used together. `END DATA` must appear by itself on a single
-line, with no leading white space and exactly one space between the
-words `END` and `DATA`.
+PSPP syntax file. [`DATA LIST`](data-list.md) or another input
+procedure must be used before `BEGIN DATA`. `BEGIN DATA` and `END
+DATA` must be used together. `END DATA` must appear by itself on a
+single line, with no leading white space and exactly one space between
+the words `END` and `DATA`.
field are specified after the variable name, separated by a dash
(`-`). For instance, the third through fifth columns on a line would
be specified `3-5`. By default, variables are considered to be in
-[`F` format](../../language/datasets/formats/basic.html). (This
-default can be changed; see *note SET:: for more information.)
+[`F` format](../../language/datasets/formats/basic.html). (Use [`SET
+FORMAT`](../utilities/set.md#format) to change the default.)
In columnar style, to use a variable format other than the default,
specify the format type in parentheses after the column numbers. For
VAR_LIST *
```
- In free format, the input data is, by default, structured as a series
-of fields separated by spaces, tabs, or line breaks. If the current
-`DECIMAL` separator is `DOT` (*note SET::), then commas are also treated
-as field separators. Each field's content may be unquoted, or it may be
-quoted with a pairs of apostrophes (`'`) or double quotes (`"`).
-Unquoted white space separates fields but is not part of any field. Any
-mix of spaces, tabs, and line breaks is equivalent to a single space for
-the purpose of separating fields, but consecutive commas will skip a
-field.
+ In free format, the input data is, by default, structured as a
+series of fields separated by spaces, tabs, or line breaks. If the
+current [`DECIMAL`](../utilities/set.md#decimal) separator is `DOT`,
+then commas are also treated as field separators. Each field's
+content may be unquoted, or it may be quoted with a pairs of
+apostrophes (`'`) or double quotes (`"`). Unquoted white space
+separates fields but is not part of any field. Any mix of spaces,
+tabs, and line breaks is equivalent to a single space for the purpose
+of separating fields, but consecutive commas will skip a field.
Alternatively, delimiters can be specified explicitly, as a
parenthesized, comma-separated list of single-character strings
higher than the deleted element are shifted down, filling the vacated
position.
- To associate custom attributes with particular variables, instead of
-with the entire active dataset, use `VARIABLE ATTRIBUTE` (*note VARIABLE
-ATTRIBUTE::) instead.
+ To associate custom attributes with particular variables, instead
+of with the entire active dataset, use [`VARIABLE
+ATTRIBUTE`](../variables/variable-attribute.md) instead.
`DATAFILE ATTRIBUTE` takes effect immediately. It is not affected by
conditional and looping structures such as `DO IF` or `LOOP`.
replaced. If the name is the name of the active dataset, then the
active dataset becomes unnamed.
- The `DATASET DECLARE` command creates a new dataset that is initially
-"empty," that is, it has no dictionary or data. If a dataset with the
-given name already exists, this has no effect. The new dataset can be
-used with commands that support output to a dataset, e.g. AGGREGATE
-(*note AGGREGATE::).
+ The `DATASET DECLARE` command creates a new dataset that is
+initially "empty," that is, it has no dictionary or data. If a
+dataset with the given name already exists, this has no effect. The
+new dataset can be used with commands that support output to a
+dataset, such as. [`AGGREGATE`](../data/aggregate.md).
The `DATASET CLOSE` command deletes a dataset. If the active dataset
is specified by name, or if `*` is specified, then the active dataset
The `ENCODING` subcommand specifies the encoding of text in the
file. For reading text files in `CHARACTER` mode, all of the forms
-described for `ENCODING` on the `INSERT` command are supported (*note
-INSERT::). For reading in other file-based modes, encoding
-autodetection is not supported; if the specified encoding requests
-autodetection then the default encoding is used. This is also true
-when a file handle is used for writing a file in any mode.
+described for `ENCODING` on the [`INSERT`](../utilities/insert.md)
+command are supported. For reading in other file-based modes,
+encoding autodetection is not supported; if the specified encoding
+requests autodetection then the default encoding is used. This is
+also true when a file handle is used for writing a file in any mode.
```
The `PRINT` transformation writes variable data to the listing file
-or an output file. `PRINT` is executed when a procedure causes the data
-to be read. Follow `PRINT` by `EXECUTE` to print variable data without
-invoking a procedure (*note EXECUTE::).
+or an output file. `PRINT` is executed when a procedure causes the
+data to be read. Follow `PRINT` by
+[`EXECUTE`](../utilities/execute.md) to print variable data without
+invoking a procedure.
All `PRINT` subcommands are optional. If no strings or variables are
specified, `PRINT` outputs a single blank line.
been declared with `NUMERIC` or another command.
`REPEATING DATA` should be the last command given within an [`INPUT
-PROGRAM`](input-program.md). It should not be enclosed within a
-`LOOP` structure (*note LOOP::). Use `DATA LIST` before, not after,
-`REPEATING DATA`.
+PROGRAM`](input-program.md). It should not be enclosed within
+[`LOOP`…`END LOOP`](../control/loop.md). Use `DATA LIST` before, not
+after, [`REPEATING DATA`](../data-io/repeating-data.md).
variables, specify `PRESORTED` to save time. With
`MODE=ADDVARIABLES`, the data must be pre-sorted.
-Specify `DOCUMENT` (*note DOCUMENT::) to copy the documents from the
-active dataset into the aggregate file. Otherwise, the aggregate file
-does not contain any documents, even if the aggregate file replaces
-the active dataset.
+Specify [`DOCUMENT`](../utilities/document.md) to copy the documents
+from the active dataset into the aggregate file. Otherwise, the
+aggregate file does not contain any documents, even if the aggregate
+file replaces the active dataset.
Normally, `AGGREGATE` produces a non-missing value whenever there is
enough non-missing data for the aggregation function in use, that is,
* `N(VAR_NAME...)`
`NMISS(VAR_NAME...)`
Total weight of non-missing or missing values, respectively. The
- default format is `F7.0` if weighting is not enabled, `F8.2` if it is
- (*note WEIGHT::).
+ default format is `F7.0` if weighting is not enabled, `F8.2` if it
+ is (see [`WEIGHT`](../selection/weight.md)).
* `NU(VAR_NAME...)`
`NUMISS(VAR_NAME...)`
* `N`
Total weight of cases aggregated to form this group. The default
- format is `F7.0` if weighting is not enabled, `F8.2` if it is (*note
- WEIGHT::).
+ format is `F7.0` if weighting is not enabled, `F8.2` if it is (see
+ [`WEIGHT`](../selection/weight.md)).
* `NU`
Count of cases aggregated to form this group, ignoring case
specifying such a function as the last token on a line causes the
period to be interpreted as the end of the command.)
-`AGGREGATE` both ignores and cancels the current `SPLIT FILE` settings
-(*note SPLIT FILE::).
+`AGGREGATE` both ignores and cancels the current [`SPLIT
+FILE`](../selection/split-file.md) settings.
## Example
`COMPUTE` is a transformation. It does not cause the active dataset
to be read.
-When `COMPUTE` is specified following `TEMPORARY` (*note TEMPORARY::),
-the [`LAG`](../../language/expressions/functions/miscellaneous.md)
+When `COMPUTE` is specified following
+[`TEMPORARY`](../selection/temporary.md), the
+[`LAG`](../../language/expressions/functions/miscellaneous.md)
function may not be used.
## Example
the `CASE_LBL` variable can be passed to the `NEWNAMES` subcommand to
recreate the original variable names.
-`FLIP` honors `N OF CASES` (*note N OF CASES::). It ignores
-`TEMPORARY` (*note TEMPORARY::), so that "temporary" transformations
-become permanent.
+`FLIP` honors [`N OF CASES`](../selection/n.md). It ignores
+[`TEMPORARY`](../selection/temporary.md), so that "temporary"
+transformations become permanent.
## Example
[`LEAVE`](../../commands/variables/leave.md) resets the variable's
left state. Therefore, use `LEAVE` after `IF`, not before.
-When `IF` follows `TEMPORARY` (*note TEMPORARY::), the
+When `IF` follows [`TEMPORARY`](../selection/temporary.md), the
[`LAG`](../../language/expressions/functions/miscellaneous.md) function may not
be used.
`SORT CASES` affects only the active file. It does not have any
effect upon the `physiology.sav` file itself. For that, you would
-have to rewrite the file using the `SAVE` command (*note SAVE::).
+have to rewrite the file using the [`SAVE`](../spss-io/save.md)
+command.
The following sections describe the details of the matrix language:
first, the syntax of matrix expressions, then each of the supported
-commands. The `COMMENT` command (*note COMMENT::) is also supported.
+commands. The [`COMMENT`](../utilities/comment.md) command is also
+supported.
## Matrix Expressions
* `UNIFORM(NR, NC)`
Returns a `NR`×`NC` matrix in which each element is randomly
chosen from a uniform distribution of real numbers between 0
- and 1. Random number generation honors the current seed setting
- (*note SET SEED::).
+ and 1. Random number generation honors the current
+ [seed](../utilities/set.md#seed) setting.
The following example shows one possible output, but of course
every result will be different (given different seeds):
The `PRINT` command is commonly used to display a matrix. It
evaluates the restricted EXPRESSION, if present, and outputs it either
-as text or a pivot table, depending on the setting of `MDISPLAY` (*note
-SET MDISPLAY::).
+as text or a pivot table, depending on the setting of
+[`MDISPLAY`](../utilities/set.md#mdisplay).
Use the `FORMAT` subcommand to specify a format, such as `F8.2`, for
displaying the matrix elements. `FORMAT` is optional for numerical
BREAK.
```
- The `LOOP` command executes a nested group of matrix commands, called
-the loop's "body", repeatedly. It has three optional clauses that
-control how many times the loop body executes. Regardless of these
-clauses, the global `MXLOOPS` setting, which defaults to 40, also limits
-the number of iterations of a loop. To iterate more times, raise the
-maximum with `SET MXLOOPS` outside of the `MATRIX` command (*note SET
-MXLOOPS::).
+ The `LOOP` command executes a nested group of matrix commands,
+called the loop's "body", repeatedly. It has three optional clauses
+that control how many times the loop body executes. Regardless of
+these clauses, the global `MXLOOPS` setting, which defaults to 40,
+also limits the number of iterations of a loop. To iterate more
+times, raise the maximum with [`SET
+MXLOOPS`](../utilities/set.md#mxloops) outside of the `MATRIX`
+command.
The optional index clause causes VAR to be assigned successive
values on each trip through the loop: first `FIRST`, then `FIRST +
existing variable.
The `FILE` subcommand is required in the first `READ` command that
-appears within `MATRIX`. It specifies the text file to be read, either
-as a file name in quotes or a file handle previously declared on `FILE
-HANDLE` (*note FILE HANDLE::). Later `READ` commands (in syntax order)
-use the previous referenced file if `FILE` is omitted.
+appears within `MATRIX`. It specifies the text file to be read,
+either as a file name in quotes or a file handle previously declared
+on [`FILE HANDLE`](../data-io/file-handle.md). Later `READ`
+commands (in syntax order) use the previous referenced file if `FILE`
+is omitted.
The `FIELD` and `FORMAT` subcommands specify how input lines are
interpreted. `FIELD` is required, but `FORMAT` is optional. See
text file in a specified format. Write the expression to evaluate just
after the command name.
-The `OUTFILE` subcommand is required in the first `WRITE` command
-that appears within `MATRIX`. It specifies the text file to be written,
-either as a file name in quotes or a file handle previously declared on
-`FILE HANDLE` (*note FILE HANDLE::). Later `WRITE` commands (in syntax
-order) use the previous referenced file if `FILE` is omitted.
+The `OUTFILE` subcommand is required in the first `WRITE` command that
+appears within `MATRIX`. It specifies the text file to be written,
+either as a file name in quotes or a file handle previously declared
+on [`FILE HANDLE`](../data-io/file-handle.md). Later `WRITE` commands
+(in syntax order) use the previous referenced file if `FILE` is
+omitted.
The `FIELD` and `FORMAT` subcommands specify how output lines are
formed. `FIELD` is required, but `FORMAT` is optional. See [`READ`
MGET [/FILE=file]
[/TYPE={COV | CORR | MEAN | STDDEV | N | COUNT}].
```
-The `MGET` command reads the data from a matrix file (*note Matrix
-Files::) into matrix variables.
+The `MGET` command reads the data from a [matrix file](index.md#matrix-files) into matrix variables.
All of `MGET`'s subcommands are optional. Specify the name or handle
of the matrix file to be read on the `FILE` subcommand; if it is
[/FNAMES=variable…].
```
The `MSAVE` command evaluates the expression specified just after the
-command name, and writes the resulting matrix to a matrix file (*note
-Matrix Files::).
+command name, and writes the resulting matrix to a [matrix file](index.md#matrix-files).
The `TYPE` subcommand is required. It specifies the `ROWTYPE_` to
write along with this matrix.
that follow it in the command stream. `N OF CASES 100`, for example,
tells PSPP to disregard all cases after the first 100.
-When `N OF CASES` is specified after `TEMPORARY`, it affects only the
-next procedure (*note TEMPORARY::). Otherwise, cases beyond the limit
+When `N OF CASES` is specified after [`TEMPORARY`](temporary.md), it
+affects only the next procedure. Otherwise, cases beyond the limit
specified are not processed by any later procedure.
If the limit specified on `N OF CASES` is greater than the number of
The file `horticulture.sav` contains data describing the yield of a
number of horticultural specimens which have been subjected to various
treatments. If we wanted to investigate linear statistics of the
-yeild, one way to do this is using the `DESCRIPTIVES` (*note
-DESCRIPTIVES::). However, it is reasonable to expect the mean to be
-different depending on the treatment. So we might want to perform
-three separate procedures -- one for each treatment.[^1] The following
-syntax shows how this can be done automatically using the `SPLIT FILE`
-command.
+yeild, one way to do this is using
+[`DESCRIPTIVES`](../statistics/descriptives.md). However, it is
+reasonable to expect the mean to be different depending on the
+treatment. So we might want to perform three separate procedures --
+one for each treatment.[^1] The following syntax shows how this can be
+done automatically using the `SPLIT FILE` command.
[^1]: There are other, possibly better, ways to achieve a similar
result using the `MEANS` or `EXAMINE` commands.
If a variable name is specified, `WEIGHT` causes the values of that
variable to be used as weighting factors for subsequent statistical
procedures. Use of keyword `BY` is optional but recommended.
-Weighting variables must be numeric. Scratch variables may not be
-used for weighting (*note Scratch Variables::).
+Weighting variables must be numeric. [Scratch
+variables](../../language/datasets/scratch-variables.md) may not be
+used for weighting.
When `OFF` is specified, subsequent statistical procedures weight all
cases equally.
One analysis which most surely would be of interest is the relative
amounts or each item in stock. However without setting a weight
-variable, `FREQUENCIES` (*note FREQUENCIES::) does not tell us what we
-want to know, since there is only one case for each stock item. The
-output below shows the difference between the weighted and unweighted
-frequency tables.
+variable, [`FREQUENCIES`](../statistics/frequencies.md) does not tell
+us what we want to know, since there is only one case for each stock
+item. The output below shows the difference between the weighted and
+unweighted frequency tables.
```
Unweighted frequency table
file variable does not have a variable label, then the active
dataset variable's variable label, if any, is retained.
-- If the system file variable has custom attributes (*note VARIABLE
- ATTRIBUTE::), then those attributes replace the active dataset
- variable's custom attributes. If the system file variable does not
- have custom attributes, then the active dataset variable's custom
- attributes, if any, is retained.
+- If the system file variable has [variable
+ attributes](../variables/variable-attribute.md), then those
+ attributes replace the active dataset variable's variable
+ attributes. If the system file variable does not have varaible
+ attributes, then the active dataset variable's variable attributes,
+ if any, is retained.
- If the active dataset variable is numeric or short string, then
value labels and missing values, if any, are copied to the active
those attributes replace the active dataset variable's custom
attributes.
-- If the active dataset has a weighting variable (*note WEIGHT::),
- and the system file does not, or if the weighting variable in the
- system file does not exist in the active dataset, then the active
- dataset weighting variable, if any, is retained. Otherwise, the
- weighting variable in the system file becomes the active dataset
- weighting variable.
+- If the active dataset has a [weight
+ variable](../selection/weight.md), and the system file does not, or
+ if the weighting variable in the system file does not exist in the
+ active dataset, then the active dataset weighting variable, if any,
+ is retained. Otherwise, the weighting variable in the system file
+ becomes the active dataset weighting variable.
`APPLY DICTIONARY` takes effect immediately. It does not read the
active dataset. The system file is not modified.
The `EXPORT` procedure writes the active dataset's dictionary and
data to a specified portable file.
- `UNSELECTED` controls whether cases excluded with `FILTER` (*note
-FILTER::) are written to the file. These can be excluded by
-specifying `DELETE` on the `UNSELECTED` subcommand. The default is
-`RETAIN`.
+ `UNSELECTED` controls whether cases excluded with
+[`FILTER`](../selection/filter.md) are written to the file. These can
+be excluded by specifying `DELETE` on the `UNSELECTED` subcommand.
+The default is `RETAIN`.
Portable files express real numbers in base 30. Integers are
always expressed to the maximum precision needed to make them exact.
`FIRSTCASE` to the number of the first line to read: 2 to skip the
first line, 3 to skip the first two lines, and so on.
- `IMPORTCASES` is ignored, for compatibility. Use `N OF CASES` to
-limit the number of cases read from a file (*note N OF CASES::), or
-`SAMPLE` to obtain a random sample of cases (*note SAMPLE::).
+ `IMPORTCASES` is ignored, for compatibility. Use [`N OF
+CASES`](../selection/n.md) to limit the number of cases read from a
+file, or [`SAMPLE`](../selection/sample.md) to obtain a random sample
+of cases.
The remaining subcommands apply only to one of the two file
arrangements, described below.
enhancements.
The required `FILE` subcommand and optional `FIRSTCASE` and
-`IMPORTCASE` subcommands are described above (*note GET DATA
-/TYPE=TXT::).
+`IMPORTCASE` subcommands are described [above](#textual-data-files).
`DELIMITERS`, which is required, specifies the set of characters that
may separate fields. Each character in the string specified on
formats understood by other applications.
The `OUTFILE` and `TYPE` subcommands are mandatory. `OUTFILE`
-specifies the file to be written, as a string file name or a file handle
-(*note File Handles::). `TYPE` determines the type of the file or
-source to read. It must be one of the following:
+specifies the file to be written, as a string file name or a [file
+handle](../../language/files/file-handles.md). `TYPE` determines the
+type of the file or source to read. It must be one of the following:
* `CSV`
Comma-separated value format,
HH:MM:SS format. `WKDAY` and `MONTH` values are written as decimal
numbers.
- Numeric values use, by default, the decimal point character set
- with `SET DECIMAL` (*note SET DECIMAL::). Use `DECIMAL=DOT` or
+ Numeric values use, by default, the decimal point character set with
+ [`SET DECIMAL`](../utilities/set.md#decimal). Use `DECIMAL=DOT` or
`DECIMAL=COMMA` to force a particular decimal point character.
* `CELLS=VALUES FORMAT=VARIABLE`
the specified string separate values. If `DELIMITER` is not
specified, then the default is a comma with `DECIMAL=DOT` or a
semicolon with `DECIMAL=COMMA`. If `DECIMAL` is not given either, it
-is inferred from the decimal point character set with `SET DECIMAL`
-(*note SET DECIMAL::).
+is inferred from the decimal point character set with [`SET
+DECIMAL`](../utilities/set.md#decimal).
The `TEXTOPTIONS QUALIFIER` setting specifies a character that is
output before and after a value that contains the delimiter character or
written with this compression level cannot be read by PSPP 0.8.1 or
earlier or by SPSS 20 or earlier.
-`COMPRESSED` is the default compression level. The SET command (*note
-SET::) can change this default.
+`COMPRESSED` is the default compression level. The
+[`SET`](../utilities/set.md) command can change this default.
The `PERMISSIONS` subcommand specifies operating system permissions
for the new system file. `WRITEABLE`, the default, creates the file
`VARIABLES`. The supported values are:
* `DEFAULT`
- Use the setting from `SET TVARS` (*note SET TVARS::).
+ Use the setting from [`SET TVARS`](../utilities/set.md#tvars)).
* `NAME`
Show only a variable name.
height and temperature is 16677.12 and 37.02 respectively. The
descriptive statistics for temperature seem reasonable. However there
is a very high standard deviation for height and a suspiciously low
-minimum. This is due to a data entry error in the data (*note
-Identifying incorrect data::).
+minimum. This is due to a data entry error in the data.
In the second Descriptive Statistics output, one can see that the mean
and standard deviation of both Z score variables is 0 and 1
If `MATRIX IN` instead of `VARIABLES` is specified, then the analysis
is performed on a pre-prepared correlation or covariance matrix file
-instead of on individual data cases. Typically the matrix file will
-have been generated by `MATRIX DATA` (*note MATRIX DATA::) or provided
-by a third party. If specified, `MATRIX IN` must be followed by `COV`
-or `CORR`, then by `=` and `FILE_SPEC` all in parentheses.
-`FILE_SPEC` may either be an asterisk, which indicates the currently
-loaded dataset, or it may be a file name to be loaded. See [`MATRIX
+instead of on individual data cases. Typically the [matrix
+file](../matrix/index.md#matrix-files) will have been generated by
+[`MATRIX DATA`](../matrix/matrix-data.md) or provided by a third
+party. If specified, `MATRIX IN` must be followed by `COV` or `CORR`,
+then by `=` and `FILE_SPEC` all in parentheses. `FILE_SPEC` may
+either be an asterisk, which indicates the currently loaded dataset,
+or it may be a file name to be loaded. See [`MATRIX
DATA`](../matrix/matrix-data.md), for the expected format of the file.
The `/EXTRACTION` subcommand is used to specify the way in which
mean average weight of the population from which the sample was drawn is
76.8kg.
- As previously noted (*note Identifying incorrect data::), one sample
-in the dataset contains a weight value which is clearly incorrect. So
-this is excluded from the analysis using the `SELECT` command.
+ As previously noted, one sample in the dataset contains a weight
+value which is clearly incorrect. So this is excluded from the
+analysis using the `SELECT` command.
```
GET FILE='physiology.sav'.
taller than adult females. The samples are drawn from the population
under investigation and recorded in the file `physiology.sav`.
-As previously noted (*note Identifying incorrect data::), one sample
-in the dataset contains a height value which is clearly incorrect. So
-this is excluded from the analysis using the `SELECT` command.
+As previously noted, one sample in the dataset contains a height value
+which is clearly incorrect. So this is excluded from the analysis
+using the `SELECT` command.
```
get file='physiology.sav'.
```
`ERASE FILE` deletes a file from the local file system. The file's
-name must be quoted. This command cannot be used if the SAFER (*note
-SET::) setting is active.
+name must be quoted. This command cannot be used if the
+[`SAFER`](../utilities/set.md#safer) setting is active.
PSPP built for mingw does not support all the features of `HOST`.
-PSPP rejects this command if the SAFER (*note SET::) setting is
-active.
+PSPP rejects this command if the [`SAFER`](../utilities/set.md#safer)
+setting is active.
## Example
one of the following forms:
* `LOCALE`
- The encoding used by the system locale, or as overridden by the
- `SET` command (*note SET::). On GNU/Linux and other Unix-like
- systems, environment variables, e.g. `LANG` or `LC_ALL`, determine
- the system locale.
+ The encoding used by the system locale, or as overridden by [`SET
+ LOCALE`](../utilities/set.md#locale). On GNU/Linux and other
+ Unix-like systems, environment variables, e.g. `LANG` or `LC_ALL`,
+ determine the system locale.
* `'CHARSET_NAME'`
An [IANA character set
default is the weight variable's print format. For an unweighted
data set, the default is `F40.0`.
-For most other numeric values that appear in tables, `SET FORMAT` may
-be used to specify the format (*note SET FORMAT::).
+For most other numeric values that appear in tables, [`SET
+FORMAT`](set.md#format)) may be used to specify the format.
`FMT_SPEC` must be a valid [output
format](../../language/datasets/formats/index.md). Not all possible
the file will become unwritable either by you or anyone else on the
system. If you set the permission to `WRITEABLE`, then the file becomes
writeable by you; the permissions afforded to others are unchanged.
-This command cannot be used if the `SAFER` (*note SET::) setting is
+This command cannot be used if the [`SAFER`](../utilities/set.md#safer) setting is
active.
RESTORE.
```
-`PRESERVE` saves all of the settings that `SET` (*note SET::) can
-adjust. A later `RESTORE` command restores those settings.
+`PRESERVE` saves all of the settings that [`SET`](set.md) can adjust.
+A later `RESTORE` command restores those settings.
`PRESERVE` can be nested up to five levels deep.
the system-missing value to be assigned to null items. This is the
default. Any real value may be assigned.
-* `DECIMAL`
+* <a name="decimal">`DECIMAL`</a>
This value may be set to `DOT` or `COMMA`. Setting it to `DOT`
causes the decimal point character to be `.` and the grouping
- character to be `,`. Setting it to `COMMA` causes the decimal
- point character to be `,` and the grouping character to be `.`. If
- the setting is `COMMA`, then `,` is not treated as a field
- separator in the `DATA LIST` command (*note DATA LIST::). The
- default value is determined from the system locale.
+ character to be `,`. Setting it to `COMMA` causes the decimal point
+ character to be `,` and the grouping character to be `.`. If the
+ setting is `COMMA`, then `,` is not treated as a field separator in
+ the [`DATA LIST`](../data-io/data-list.md) command. The default
+ value is determined from the system locale.
-* `FORMAT`
- Allows the default numeric [input/output
- format](../../language/datasets/formats/index.md) to be specified.
- The default is `F8.2`.
+* <a name="format">`FORMAT`</a>
+ Changes the default numeric [input/output
+ format](../../language/datasets/formats/index.md). The default is
+ initially `F8.2`.
* `EPOCH`
- Specifies the range of years used when a 2-digit year is read from
- a data file or used in a date construction expression (*note Date
- Construction::). If a 4-digit year is specified for the epoch,
- then 2-digit years are interpreted starting from that year, known
- as the epoch. If `AUTOMATIC` (the default) is specified, then the
- epoch begins 69 years before the current date.
+ Specifies the range of years used when a 2-digit year is read from a
+ data file or used in a [date construction
+ expression](../../language/expressions/functions/time-and-date.md#constructing-dates).
+ If a 4-digit year is specified for the epoch, then 2-digit years are
+ interpreted starting from that year, known as the epoch. If
+ `AUTOMATIC` (the default) is specified, then the epoch begins 69
+ years before the current date.
* `RIB`
PSPP extension to set the byte ordering (endianness) used for
United States) and `ja_JP.EUC-JP` (EUC-JP encoded Japanese as spoken
in Japan).
-* `MXLOOPS`
+* <a name="mxloops">`MXLOOPS`</a>
The maximum number of iterations for an uncontrolled
[`LOOP`](../../commands/control/loop.md), and for any [loop in the
matrix
language](../../commands/matrix/matrix.md#the-loop-and-break-commands).
The default `MXLOOPS` is 40.
-* `SEED`
+* <a name="seed">`SEED`</a>
The initial pseudo-random number seed. Set it to a real number or
to `RANDOM`, to obtain an initial seed from the current time of day.
with `SET LEADZERO=ON`, it is shown as .5. This setting affects
only the `F`, `COMMA`, and `DOT` formats.
-* `MDISPLAY`
+* <a name="mdisplay">`MDISPLAY`</a>
Controls how the
[`PRINT`](../../commands/matrix/matrix.md#the-print-command) command
within [`MATRIX`...`END MATRIX`](../../commands/matrix/matrix.md)
with both their label (if any) and their literal value in
parentheses.
-* `TVARS`
+* <a name="tvars">`TVARS`</a>
The `TVARS` option sets the way in which variables are displayed in
output tables. The valid settings are `NAMES`, `LABELS` and `BOTH`.
If `TVARS` is set to `NAMES`, then all variables are displayed using
System file subcommands affect the default format of system files
produced by PSPP. These subcommands are
-* `SCOMPRESSION`
+* <a name="scompression">`SCOMPRESSION</a>`
Whether system files created by `SAVE` or `XSAVE` are compressed by
default. The default is `ON`.
Security subcommands affect the operations that commands are allowed
to perform. The security subcommands are
-* `SAFER`
+* <a name="safer">`SAFER`</a>
Setting this option disables the following operations:
- The `ERASE` command.
When set, this setting cannot be reset during the same session, for
obvious security reasons.
-* `LOCALE`
+* <a name="locale">`LOCALE`</a>
This item is used to set the default character encoding. The
encoding may be specified either as an [IANA encoding name or
alias](http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets), or as a
* `WARRANTY`
Show details of the lack of warranty for PSPP.
* `COPYING` or `LICENSE`
- Display the terms of PSPP's copyright licence (*note License::).
+ Display the terms of [PSPP's copyright licence](../../license.md).
Specifying `SHOW` without any subcommands is equivalent to `SHOW
ALL`.
variable labels, and value labels are displayed.
* `SCRATCH`
- Variablenames are displayed, for scratch variables only (*note
- Scratch Variables::).
+ Displays Variablen ames, for [scratch
+ variables](../../language/datasets/scratch-variables.md) only.
* `ATTRIBUTES`
Datafile and variable attributes are displayed, except attributes
whose names begin with `@` or `$@`.
-
* `@ATTRIBUTES`
All datafile and variable attributes, even those whose names begin
with `@` or `$@`.
alphabetical order; otherwise, they are listed in textual order of
definition within the PSPP syntax file.
-For related commands, see *note DISPLAY DOCUMENTS:: and *note DISPLAY
-FILE LABEL::.
+For related commands, see [`DISPLAY
+DOCUMENTS`](../utilities/display-documents.md) and [`DISPLAY FILE
+LABEL`](../utilities/display-file-label.md).
`RENAME VARIABLES` takes effect immediately. It does not cause the
data to be read.
-`RENAME VARIABLES` may not be specified following `TEMPORARY` (*note
-TEMPORARY::).
+`RENAME VARIABLES` may not be specified following
+[`TEMPORARY`](../selection/temporary.md).
variables, specify `PRESORTED` to save time. With
`MODE=ADDVARIABLES`, the data must be pre-sorted.
-Specify `DOCUMENT` (*note DOCUMENT::) to copy the documents from the
-active dataset into the aggregate file. Otherwise, the aggregate file
-does not contain any documents, even if the aggregate file replaces
-the active dataset.
+Specify `DOCUMENT` to copy the [documents](../utilities/document.md)
+from the active dataset into the aggregate file. Otherwise, the
+aggregate file does not contain any documents, even if the aggregate
+file replaces the active dataset.
Normally, `AGGREGATE` produces a non-missing value whenever there is
enough non-missing data for the aggregation function in use, that is,
`NMISS(VAR_NAME...)`
Total weight of non-missing or missing values, respectively. The
default format is `F7.0` if weighting is not enabled, `F8.2` if it is
- (*note WEIGHT::).
+ (see [`WEIGHT`](../selection/weight.md)).
* `NU(VAR_NAME...)`
`NUMISS(VAR_NAME...)`
* `N`
Total weight of cases aggregated to form this group. The default
- format is `F7.0` if weighting is not enabled, `F8.2` if it is (*note
- WEIGHT::).
+ format is `F7.0` if weighting is not enabled, `F8.2` if it is (see
+ [`WEIGHT`](../selection/weight.md)).
* `NU`
Count of cases aggregated to form this group, ignoring case
specifying such a function as the last token on a line causes the
period to be interpreted as the end of the command.)
-`AGGREGATE` both ignores and cancels the current `SPLIT FILE` settings
-(*note SPLIT FILE::).
+`AGGREGATE` both ignores and cancels the current [`SPLIT
+FILE`](../selection/split-file.md) settings.
## Aggregate Example
- Numbers in `COMMA` format are additionally grouped every three digits
by inserting a grouping character. The grouping character is
- ordinarily a comma, but it can be changed to a period (*note SET
- DECIMAL::).
+ ordinarily a comma, but it can be changed to a period (with [`SET
+ DECIMAL`](../../../commands/utilities/set.md#decimal)).
- `DOT` format is like `COMMA` format, but it interchanges the role of
the decimal point and grouping characters. That is, the current
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