X-Git-Url: https://pintos-os.org/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?a=blobdiff_plain;f=doc%2Fstatistics.texi;fp=doc%2Fstatistics.texi;h=8c4a2dde445ec6c67b802ca40665d7aa19a56c6c;hb=ffca729efecaa224bf1d71ba4b43af9222d7e8e3;hp=01976e27c950fa4ef21087dc40e0fadbd668a3ee;hpb=b0c435e63832db2311c8ebc22307c16851ce55fb;p=pspp

diff --git a/doc/statistics.texi b/doc/statistics.texi
index 01976e27c9..8c4a2dde44 100644
--- a/doc/statistics.texi
+++ b/doc/statistics.texi
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ far.
 * GRAPH::                       Plot data.
 * CORRELATIONS::                Correlation tables.
 * CROSSTABS::                   Crosstabulation tables.
+* CTABLES::                     Custom tables.
 * FACTOR::                      Factor analysis and Principal Components analysis.
 * GLM::                         Univariate Linear Models.
 * LOGISTIC REGRESSION::         Bivariate Logistic Regression.
@@ -29,7 +30,6 @@ far.
 * ONEWAY::                      One way analysis of variance.
 * QUICK CLUSTER::               K-Means clustering.
 * RANK::                        Compute rank scores.
-* REGRESSION::                  Linear regression.
 * RELIABILITY::                 Reliability analysis.
 * ROC::                         Receiver Operating Characteristic.
 @end menu
@@ -897,6 +897,819 @@ person's occupation.
 @caption {The results of a test of independence between @exvar{sex} and @exvar{occupation}}
 @end float
 
+@node CTABLES
+@section CTABLES
+
+@vindex CTABLES
+@cindex custom tables
+@cindex tables, custom
+
+@code{CTABLES} has the following overall syntax.  At least one
+@code{TABLE} subcommand is required:
+
+@display
+@t{CTABLES}
+  @dots{}@i{global subcommands}@dots{}
+  [@t{/TABLE} @i{axis} [@t{BY} @i{axis} [@t{BY} @i{axis}]]
+   @dots{}@i{per-table subcommands}@dots{}]@dots{}
+@end display
+
+@noindent
+where each @i{axis} may be empty or take one of the following forms:
+
+@display
+@i{variable}
+@i{variable} @t{[}@{@t{C} @math{|} @t{S}@}@t{]}
+@i{axis} + @i{axis}
+@i{axis} > @i{axis}
+(@i{axis})
+@i{axis} @t{(}@i{summary} [@i{string}] [@i{format}]@t{)}
+@end display
+
+The following subcommands precede the first @code{TABLE} subcommand
+and apply to all of the output tables.  All of these subcommands are
+optional:
+
+@display
+@t{/FORMAT}
+    [@t{MINCOLWIDTH=}@{@t{DEFAULT} @math{|} @i{width}@}]
+    [@t{MAXCOLWIDTH=}@{@t{DEFAULT} @math{|} @i{width}@}]
+    [@t{UNITS=}@{@t{POINTS} @math{|} @t{INCHES} @math{|} @t{CM}@}]
+    [@t{EMPTY=}@{@t{ZERO} @math{|} @t{BLANK} @math{|} @i{string}@}]
+    [@t{MISSING=}@i{string}]
+@t{/VLABELS}
+    @t{VARIABLES=}@i{variables}
+    @t{DISPLAY}=@{@t{DEFAULT} @math{|} @t{NAME} @math{|} @t{LABEL} @math{|} @t{BOTH} @math{|} @t{NONE}@}
+@ignore @c not yet implemented
+@t{/MRSETS COUNTDUPLICATES=}@{@t{YES} @math{|} @t{NO}@}
+@end ignore
+@t{/SMISSING} @{@t{VARIABLE} @math{|} @t{LISTWISE}@}
+@t{/PCOMPUTE} @t{&}@i{category}@t{=EXPR(}@i{expression}@t{)}
+@t{/PPROPERTIES} @t{&}@i{category}@dots{}
+    [@t{LABEL=}@i{string}]
+    [@t{FORMAT=}[@i{summary} @i{format}]@dots{}]
+    [@t{HIDESOURCECATS=}@{@t{NO} @math{|} @t{YES}@}
+@t{/WEIGHT VARIABLE=}@i{variable}
+@t{/HIDESMALLCOUNTS COUNT=@i{count}}
+@end display
+
+The following subcommands follow @code{TABLE} and apply only to the
+previous @code{TABLE}.  All of these subcommands are optional:
+
+@display
+@t{/SLABELS}
+    [@t{POSITION=}@{@t{COLUMN} @math{|} @t{ROW} @math{|} @t{LAYER}@}]
+    [@t{VISIBLE=}@{@t{YES} @math{|} @t{NO}@}]
+@t{/CLABELS} @{@t{AUTO} @math{|} @{@t{ROWLABELS}@math{|}@t{COLLABELS}@}@t{=}@{@t{OPPOSITE}@math{|}@t{LAYER}@}@}
+@t{/CATEGORIES} @t{VARIABLES=}@i{variables}
+    @{@t{[}@i{value}@t{,} @i{value}@dots{}@t{]}
+   @math{|} [@t{ORDER=}@{@t{A} @math{|} @t{D}@}]
+     [@t{KEY=}@{@t{VALUE} @math{|} @t{LABEL} @math{|} @i{summary}@t{(}@i{variable}@t{)}@}]
+     [@t{MISSING=}@{@t{EXCLUDE} @math{|} @t{INCLUDE}@}]@}
+    [@t{TOTAL=}@{@t{NO} @math{|} @t{YES}@} [@t{LABEL=}@i{string}] [@t{POSITION=}@{@t{AFTER} @math{|} @t{BEFORE}@}]]
+    [@t{EMPTY=}@{@t{INCLUDE} @math{|} @t{EXCLUDE}@}]
+@t{/TITLES}
+    [@t{TITLE=}@i{string}@dots{}]
+    [@t{CAPTION=}@i{string}@dots{}]
+    [@t{CORNER=}@i{string}@dots{}]
+@ignore  @c not yet implemented
+@t{/CRITERIA CILEVEL=}@i{percentage}
+@t{/SIGTEST TYPE=CHISQUARE}
+    [@t{ALPHA=}@i{siglevel}]
+    [@t{INCLUDEMRSETS=}@{@t{YES} @math{|} @t{NO}@}]
+    [@t{CATEGORIES=}@{@t{ALLVISIBLE} @math{|} @t{SUBTOTALS}@}]
+@t{/COMPARETEST TYPE=}@{@t{PROP} @math{|} @t{MEAN}@}
+    [@t{ALPHA=}@i{value}[@t{,} @i{value}]]
+    [@t{ADJUST=}@{@t{BONFERRONI} @math{|} @t{BH} @math{|} @t{NONE}@}]
+    [@t{INCLUDEMRSETS=}@{@t{YES} @math{|} @t{NO}@}]
+    [@t{MEANSVARIANCE=}@{@t{ALLCATS} @math{|} @t{TESTEDCATS}@}]
+    [@t{CATEGORIES=}@{@t{ALLVISIBLE} @math{|} @t{SUBTOTALS}@}]
+    [@t{MERGE=}@{@t{NO} @math{|} @t{YES}@}]
+    [@t{STYLE=}@{@t{APA} @math{|} @t{SIMPLE}@}]
+    [@t{SHOWSIG=}@{@t{NO} @math{|} @t{YES}@}]
+@end ignore
+@end display
+
+The @code{CTABLES} (aka ``custom tables'') command produces
+multi-dimensional tables from categorical and scale data.  It offers
+many options for data summarization and formatting.
+
+This section's examples use data from the 2008 (USA) National Survey
+of Drinking and Driving Attitudes and Behaviors, a public domain data
+set from the (USA) National Highway Traffic Administration and
+available at @url{https://data.transportation.gov}.  @pspp{} includes
+this data set, with a slightly modified dictionary, as
+@file{examples/nhtsa.sav}.
+
+@node CTABLES Basics
+@subsection Basics
+
+The only required subcommand is @code{TABLE}, which specifies the
+variables to include along each axis:
+@display
+@t{/TABLE} @i{rows} [@t{BY} @i{columns} [@t{BY} @i{layers}]]
+@end display
+@noindent
+In @code{TABLE}, each of @var{rows}, @var{columns}, and @var{layers}
+is either empty or an axis expression that specifies one or more
+variables.  At least one must specify an axis expression.
+
+@menu
+* CTABLES Categorical Variable Basics::
+* CTABLES Scalar Variable Basics::
+* CTABLES Overriding Measurement Level::
+@end menu
+
+@node CTABLES Categorical Variable Basics
+@subsubsection Categorical Variables
+
+An axis expression that names a categorical variable divides the data
+into cells according to the values of that variable.  When all the
+variables named on @code{TABLE} are categorical, by default each cell
+displays the number of cases that it contains, so specifying a single
+variable yields a frequency table:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE=AgeGroup.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables1}
+
+@noindent
+Specifying a row and a column categorical variable yields a
+crosstabulation:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE=AgeGroup BY qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables2}
+
+@noindent
+The @samp{>} ``nesting'' operator nests multiple variables on a single
+axis, e.g.:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE qn105ba BY AgeGroup > qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables3}
+
+@noindent
+The @samp{+} ``stacking'' operator allows a single output table to
+include multiple data analyses.  With @samp{+}, @code{CTABLES} divides
+the output table into multiple @dfn{sections}, each of which includes
+an analysis of the full data set.  For example, the following command
+separately tabulates age group and driving frequency by gender:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE AgeGroup + qn1 BY qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables4}
+
+@noindent
+When @samp{+} and @samp{>} are used together, @samp{>} binds more
+tightly.  Use parentheses to override operator precedence.  Thus:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE qn26 + qn27 > qns3a.
+CTABLES /TABLE (qn26 + qn27) > qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables5}
+
+@node CTABLES Scalar Variable Basics
+@subsubsection Scalar Variables
+
+For a categorical variable, @code{CTABLES} divides the table into a
+cell per category.  For a scalar variable, @code{CTABLES} instead
+calculates a summary measure, by default the mean, of the values that
+fall into a cell.  For example, if the only variable specified is a
+scalar variable, then the output is a single cell that holds the mean
+of all of the data:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE qnd1.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables6}
+
+A scalar variable may nest with categorical variables.  The following
+example shows the mean age of survey respondents across gender and
+language groups:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE qns3a > qnd1 BY region.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables7}
+
+The order of nesting of scalar and categorical variables affects table
+labeling, but it does not affect the data displayed in the table.  The
+following example shows how the output changes when the nesting order
+of the scalar and categorical variable are interchanged:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE qnd1 > qns3a BY region.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables8}
+
+Only a single scalar variable may appear in each section; that is, a
+scalar variable may not nest inside a scalar variable directly or
+indirectly.  Scalar variables may only appear on one axis within
+@code{TABLE}.
+
+@node CTABLES Overriding Measurement Level
+@subsubsection Overriding Measurement Level
+
+By default, @code{CTABLES} uses a variable's measurement level to
+decide whether to treat it as categorical or scalar.  Variables
+assigned the nominal or ordinal measurement level are treated as
+categorical, and scalar variables are treated as scalar.
+
+Use the @code{VARIABLE LEVEL} command to change a variable's
+measurement level (@pxref{VARIABLE LEVEL}).  To treat a variable as
+categorical or scalar only for one use on @code{CTABLES}, add
+@samp{[C]} or @samp{[S]}, respectively, after the variable name.  The
+following example shows how to analyze the scalar variable @code{qn20}
+as categorical:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE qn20 [C] BY qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables9}
+
+@ignore
+@node CTABLES Multiple Response Sets
+@subsubheading Multiple Response Sets
+
+The @code{CTABLES} command does not yet support multiple response
+sets.
+@end ignore
+
+@node CTABLES Data Summarization
+@subsection Data Summarization
+
+The @code{CTABLES} command allows the user to control how the data are
+summarized with summary specifications, which are enclosed in square
+brackets following a variable name on the @code{TABLE} subcommand.
+When all the variables are categorical, summary specifications can be
+given for the innermost nested variables on any one axis.  When a
+scalar variable is present, only the scalar variable may have summary
+specifications.  The following example includes a summary
+specification for column and row percentages for categorical
+variables, and mean and median for a scalar variable:
+
+@example
+CTABLES
+    /TABLE=qnd1 [MEAN, MEDIAN] BY qns3a
+    /TABLE=AgeGroup [COLPCT, ROWPCT] BY qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables10}
+
+A summary specification may override the default label and format by
+appending a string or format specification or both (in that order) to
+the summary function name.  For example:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE=AgeGroup [COLPCT 'Gender %' PCT5.0,
+                         ROWPCT 'Age Group %' PCT5.0]
+               BY qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables11}
+
+Parentheses provide a shorthand to apply summary specifications to
+multiple variables.  For example, both of these commands:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE=AgeGroup[COLPCT] + qns1[COLPCT] BY qns3a.
+CTABLES /TABLE=(AgeGroup + qns1)[COLPCT] BY qns3a.
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+produce the same output shown below:
+
+@psppoutput {ctables12}
+
+The following section lists the available summary functions.
+
+@menu
+* CTABLES Summary Functions::
+@end menu
+
+@node CTABLES Summary Functions
+@subsubsection Summary Functions
+
+This section lists the summary functions that can be applied to cells
+in @code{CTABLES}.  Many of these functions have an @var{area} in
+their names.  The supported areas are:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Areas that correspond to parts of @dfn{subtables}, whose contents are
+the cells that pair an innermost row variable and an innermost column
+variable:
+
+@table @code
+@item ROW
+A row within a subtable.
+
+@item COL
+A column within a subtable.
+
+@item SUBTABLE
+All the cells in a subtable
+@end table
+
+@item
+Areas that correspond to parts of @dfn{sections}, where stacked
+variables divide each section from another:
+
+@table @code
+@item TABLE
+An entire section.
+
+@item LAYER
+A layer within a section.
+
+@item LAYERROW
+A row in one layer within a section.
+
+@item LAYERCOL
+A column in one layer within a section.
+@end table
+@end itemize
+
+The following summary functions may be applied to any variable
+regardless of whether it is categorical or scalar.  The default label
+for each function is listed in parentheses:
+
+@table @asis
+@item @code{COUNT} (``Count'')
+The sum of weights in a cell.
+
+@item @code{@i{area}PCT} or @code{@i{area}PCT.COUNT} (``@i{Area} %'')
+A percentage within the specified @var{area}.
+
+@item @code{@i{area}PCT.VALIDN} (``@i{Area} Valid N %'')
+A percentage of valid values within the specified @var{area}.
+
+@item @code{@i{area}PCT.TOTALN} (``@i{Area} Total N %'')
+A percentage of total values within the specified @var{area}.
+@end table
+
+The following summary functions apply only to scalar variables:
+
+@table @asis
+@item @code{MAXIMUM} (``Maximum'')
+The largest value.
+
+@item @code{MEAN} (``Mean'')
+The mean.
+
+@item @code{MEDIAN} (``Median'')
+The median value.
+
+@item @code{MINIMUM} (``Minimum'')
+The smallest value.
+
+@item @code{MISSING} (``Missing'')
+Sum of weights of user- and system-missing values.
+
+@item @code{MODE} (``Mode'')
+The highest-frequency value.  Ties are broken by taking the smallest mode.
+
+@item @code{@i{area}PCT.SUM} (``@i{Area} Sum %'')
+Percentage of the sum of the values across @var{area}.
+
+@item @code{PTILE} @i{n} (``Percentile @i{n}'')
+The @var{n}th percentile, where @math{0 @leq{} @var{n} @leq{} 100}.
+
+@item @code{RANGE} (``Range'')
+The maximum minus the minimum.
+
+@item @code{SEMEAN} (``Std Error of Mean'')
+The standard error of the mean.
+
+@item @code{STDDEV} (``Std Deviation'')
+The standard deviation.
+
+@item @code{SUM} (``Sum'')
+The sum.
+
+@item @code{TOTALN} (``Total N'')
+The sum of total count weights.
+
+@item @code{VALIDN} (``Valid N'')
+The sum of valid count weights.
+
+@item @code{VARIANCE} (``Variance'')
+The variance.
+@end table
+
+If the @code{WEIGHT} subcommand specified an adjustment weight
+variable, then the following summary functions use its value instead
+of the dictionary weight variable.  Otherwise, they are equivalent to
+the summary function without the @samp{E}-prefix:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+@code{ECOUNT} (``Adjusted Count'')
+
+@item
+@code{ETOTALN} (``Adjusted Total N'')
+
+@item
+@code{EVALIDN} (``Adjusted Valid N'')
+@end itemize
+
+The following summary functions with a @samp{U}-prefix are equivalent
+to the same ones without the prefix, except that they use unweighted
+counts:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+@code{UCOUNT} (``Unweighted Count'')
+
+@item
+@code{U@i{area}PCT} or @code{U@i{area}PCT.COUNT} (``Unweighted @i{Area} %'')
+
+@item
+@code{U@i{area}PCT.VALIDN} (``Unweighted @i{Area} Valid N %'')
+
+@item
+@code{U@i{area}PCT.TOTALN} (``Unweighted @i{Area} Total N %'')
+
+@item
+@code{UMEAN} (``Unweighted Mean'')
+
+@item
+@code{UMEDIAN} (``Unweighted Median'')
+
+@item
+@code{UMISSING} (``Unweighted Missing'')
+
+@item
+@code{UMODE} (``Unweight Mode'')
+
+@item
+@code{U@i{area}PCT.SUM} (``Unweighted @i{Area} Sum %'')
+
+@item
+@code{UPTILE} @i{n} (``Unweighted Percentile @i{n}'') 
+
+@item
+@code{USEMEAN} (``Unweighted Std Error of Mean'')
+
+@item
+@code{USTDDEV} (``Unweighted Std Deviation'')
+
+@item
+@code{USUM} (``Unweighted Sum'')
+
+@item
+@code{UTOTALN} (``Unweighted Total N'')
+
+@item
+@code{UVALIDN} (``Unweighted Valid N'')
+
+@item
+@code{UVARIANCE} (``Unweighted Variance'')
+@end itemize
+
+@node CTABLES Statistics Positions and Labels
+@subsection Statistics Positions and Labels
+
+@display
+@t{/SLABELS}
+    [@t{POSITION=}@{@t{COLUMN} @math{|} @t{ROW} @math{|} @t{LAYER}@}]
+    [@t{VISIBLE=}@{@t{YES} @math{|} @t{NO}@}]
+@end display
+
+The @code{SLABELS} subcommand controls the position and visibility of
+summary statistics for the @code{TABLE} subcommand that it follows.
+
+@code{POSITION} sets the axis on which summary statistics appear.
+With @t{POSITION=COLUMN}, which is the default, each summary statistic
+appears in a column.  For example:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE=qnd1 [MEAN, MEDIAN] BY qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables13}
+
+@noindent
+With @t{POSITION=ROW}, each summary statistic appears in a row, as
+shown below:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE=qnd1 [MEAN, MEDIAN] BY qns3a /SLABELS POSITION=ROW.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables14}
+
+@noindent
+@t{POSITION=LAYER} is also available to place each summary statistic in
+a separate layer.
+
+Labels for summary statistics are shown by default.  Use
+@t{VISIBLE=NO} to suppress them.  Because unlabeled data can cause
+confusion, it should only be considered if the meaning of the data is
+evident, as in a simple case like this:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE=AgeGroup [TABLEPCT] /SLABELS VISIBLE=NO.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables15}
+
+@node CTABLES Category Label Positions
+@subsection Category Label Positions
+
+@display
+@t{/CLABELS} @{@t{AUTO} @math{|} @{@t{ROWLABELS}@math{|}@t{COLLABELS}@}@t{=}@{@t{OPPOSITE}@math{|}@t{LAYER}@}@}
+@end display
+
+The @code{CLABELS} subcommand controls the position of category labels
+for the @code{TABLE} subcommand that it follows.  By default, or if
+@t{AUTO} is specified, category labels for a given variable nest
+inside the variable's label on the same axis.  For example, the
+command below results in age categories nesting within the age group
+variable on the rows axis and gender categories within the gender
+variable on the columns axis:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE AgeGroup BY qns3a.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables16}
+
+@t{ROWLABELS=OPPOSITE} or @t{COLLABELS=OPPOSITE} move row or column
+variable category labels, respectively, to the opposite axis.  The
+setting affects only the innermost variable on the given axis.  For
+example:
+
+@example
+CTABLES /TABLE AgeGroup BY qns3a /CLABELS ROWLABELS=OPPOSITE.
+CTABLES /TABLE AgeGroup BY qns3a /CLABELS COLLABELS=OPPOSITE.
+@end example
+@psppoutput {ctables17}
+
+@t{ROWLABELS=LAYER} or @t{COLLABELS=LAYER} move the innermost row or
+column variable category labels, respectively, to the layer axis.
+
+Only one axis's labels may be moved, whether to the opposite axis or
+to the layer axis.
+
+@node CTABLES Per-Variable Category Options
+@subsection Per-Variable Category Options
+
+@display
+@t{/CATEGORIES} @t{VARIABLES=}@i{variables}
+    @{@t{[}@i{value}@t{,} @i{value}@dots{}@t{]}
+   @math{|} [@t{ORDER=}@{@t{A} @math{|} @t{D}@}]
+     [@t{KEY=}@{@t{VALUE} @math{|} @t{LABEL} @math{|} @i{summary}@t{(}@i{variable}@t{)}@}]
+     [@t{MISSING=}@{@t{EXCLUDE} @math{|} @t{INCLUDE}@}]@}
+    [@t{TOTAL=}@{@t{NO} @math{|} @t{YES}@} [@t{LABEL=}@i{string}] [@t{POSITION=}@{@t{AFTER} @math{|} @t{BEFORE}@}]]
+    [@t{EMPTY=}@{@t{INCLUDE} @math{|} @t{EXCLUDE}@}]
+@end display
+
+The @code{CATEGORIES} subcommand specifies, for one or more
+categorical variables, the categories to include and exclude, the sort
+order for included categories, and treatment of missing values.  It
+also controls the totals and subtotals to display.  It may be
+specified any number of times, each time for a different set of
+variables.  @code{CATEGORIES} applies to the table produced by the
+@code{TABLE} subcommand that it follows.
+
+@code{CATEGORIES} does not apply to scalar variables.
+
+@t{VARIABLES} is required.  List the variables for the subcommand
+to affect.
+
+There are two way to specify the Categories to include and their sort
+order:
+
+@table @asis
+@item Explicit categories.
+@anchor{CTABLE Explicit Category List}
+To explicitly specify categories to include, list the categories
+within square brackets in the desired sort order.  Use spaces or
+commas to separate values.  Categories not covered by the list are
+excluded from analysis.
+
+Each element of the list takes one of the following forms:
+
+@table @t
+@item @i{number}
+@itemx '@i{string}'
+A numeric or string category value, for variables that have the
+corresponding type.
+
+@item '@i{date}'
+@itemx '@i{time}'
+A date or time category value, for variables that have a date or time
+print format.
+
+@item @i{min} THRU @i{max}
+@itemx LO THRU @i{max}
+@itemx @i{min} THRU HI
+A range of category values, where @var{min} and @var{max} each takes
+one of the forms above, in increasing order.
+
+@item MISSING
+All user-missing values.  (To match individual user-missing values,
+specify their category values.)
+
+@item OTHERNM
+Any non-missing value not covered by any other element of the list
+(regardless of where @t{OTHERNM} is placed in the list).
+
+@item &@i{pcompute}
+A computed category name (@pxref{CTABLES Computed Categories}).
+@end table
+
+Additional forms, described later, allow for subtotals.
+If multiple elements of the list cover a given category, the last one
+in the list is considered to be a match.
+
+@item Implicit categories.
+Without an explicit list of categories, @pspp{} sorts
+categories automatically.
+
+The @code{KEY} setting specifies the sort key.  By default, or with
+@code{KEY=VALUE}, categories are sorted by default.  Categories may
+also be sorted by value label, with @code{KEY=LABEL}, or by the value
+of a summary function, e.g.@: @code{KEY=COUNT}.  For summary
+functions, a variable name may be specified in parentheses, e.g.@:
+@code{KEY=MAXIUM(qnd1)}, and this is required for functions that apply
+only to scalar variables.  The @code{PTILE} function also requires a
+percentage argument, e.g.@: @code{KEY=PTILE(qnd1, 90)}.  Only summary
+functions used in the table may be used, except that @code{COUNT} is
+always allowed.
+
+By default, or with @code{ORDER=A}, categories are sorted in ascending
+order.  Specify @code{ORDER=D} to sort in descending order.
+
+User-missing values are excluded by default, or with
+@code{MISSING=EXCLUDE}.  Specify @code{MISSING=INCLUDE} to include
+user-missing values.  The system-missing value is always excluded.
+@end table
+
+@subsubheading Totals and Subtotals
+
+@code{CATEGORIES} also controls display of totals and subtotals.
+Totals are not displayed by default, or with @code{TOTAL=NO}.  Specify
+@code{TOTAL=YES} to display a total.  By default, the total is labeled
+``Total''; use @code{LABEL="@i{label}"} to override it.
+
+Subtotals are also not displayed by default.  To add one or more
+subtotals, use an explicit category list and insert @code{SUBTOTAL} or
+@code{HSUBTOTAL} in the position or positions where the subtotal
+should appear.  With @code{SUBTOTAL}, the subtotal becomes an extra
+row or column or layer; @code{HSUBTOTAL} additionally hides the
+categories that make up the subtotal.  Either way, the default label
+is ``Subtotal'', use @code{SUBTOTAL="@i{label}"} or
+@code{HSUBTOTAL="@i{label}"} to specify a custom label.
+
+By default, or with @code{POSITION=AFTER}, totals come after the last
+category and subtotals apply to categories that precede them.  With
+@code{POSITION=BEFORE}, totals come before the first category and
+subtotals apply to categories that follow them.
+
+Only categorical variables may have totals and subtotals.  Scalar
+variables may be ``totaled'' indirectly by enabling totals and
+subtotals on a categorical variable within which the scalar variable is
+summarized.
+
+@subsubheading Categories Without Values
+
+Some categories might not be included in the data set being analyzed.
+For example, our example data set has no cases in the ``15 or
+younger'' age group.  By default, or with @code{EMPTY=INCLUDE},
+@pspp{} includes these empty categories in output tables.  To exclude
+them, specify @code{EMPTY=EXCLUDE}.
+
+For implicit categories, empty categories potentially include all the
+values with labels for a given variable; for explicit categories, they
+include all the values listed individually and all labeled values
+covered by ranges or @code{MISSING} or @code{OTHERNM}.
+
+@node CTABLES Titles
+@subsection Titles
+
+@display
+@t{/TITLES}
+    [@t{TITLE=}@i{string}@dots{}]
+    [@t{CAPTION=}@i{string}@dots{}]
+    [@t{CORNER=}@i{string}@dots{}]
+@end display
+
+The @code{TITLES} subcommand sets the title, caption, and corner text
+for the table output for the previous @code{TABLE} subcommand.  The
+title appears above the table, the caption below the table, and the
+corner text appears in the table's upper left corner.  By default, the
+title is ``Custom Tables'' and the caption and corner text are empty.
+
+@node CTABLES Table Formatting
+@subsection Table Formatting
+
+@display
+@t{/FORMAT}
+    [@t{MINCOLWIDTH=}@{@t{DEFAULT} @math{|} @i{width}@}]
+    [@t{MAXCOLWIDTH=}@{@t{DEFAULT} @math{|} @i{width}@}]
+    [@t{UNITS=}@{@t{POINTS} @math{|} @t{INCHES} @math{|} @t{CM}@}]
+    [@t{EMPTY=}@{@t{ZERO} @math{|} @t{BLANK} @math{|} @i{string}@}]
+    [@t{MISSING=}@i{string}]
+@end display
+
+The @code{FORMAT} subcommand, which must precede the first
+@code{TABLE} subcommand, controls formatting for all the output
+tables.  @code{FORMAT} and all of its settings are optional.
+
+Use @code{MINCOLWIDTH} and @code{MAXCOLWIDTH} to control the minimum
+or maximum width of columns in output tables.  By default, or with
+@code{DEFAULT}, column width varies based on content.  Otherwise,
+specify a number for either or both of these settings.  If both are
+specified, @code{MAXCOLWIDTH} must be bigger than @code{MINCOLWIDTH}.
+The default unit, or with @code{UNITS=POINTS}, is points (1/72 inch),
+but specify @code{UNITS=INCHES} to use inches or @code{UNITS=CM} for
+centimeters.
+
+By default, or with @code{EMPTY=ZERO}, zero values are displayed in
+their usual format.  Use @code{EMPTY=BLANK} to use an empty cell
+instead, or @code{EMPTY="@i{string}"} to use the specified string.
+
+By default, missing values are displayed as @samp{.}, the same as in
+other tables.  Specify @code{MISSING="@i{string}"} to instead use a
+custom string.
+
+@node CTABLES Display of Variable Labels
+@subsection Display of Variable Labels
+
+@display
+@t{/VLABELS}
+    @t{VARIABLES=}@i{variables}
+    @t{DISPLAY}=@{@t{DEFAULT} @math{|} @t{NAME} @math{|} @t{LABEL} @math{|} @t{BOTH} @math{|} @t{NONE}@}
+@end display
+
+The @code{VLABELS} subcommand, which must precede the first
+@code{TABLE} subcommand, controls display of variable labels in all
+the output tables.  @code{VLABELS} is optional.  It may appear
+multiple times to adjust settings for different variables.
+
+@code{VARIABLES} and @code{DISPLAY} are required.  The value of
+@code{DISPLAY} controls how variable labels are displayed for the
+variables listed on @code{VARIABLES}.  The supported values are:
+
+@table @code
+@item DEFAULT
+Uses the setting from @ref{SET TVARS}.
+
+@item NAME
+Show only a variable name.
+
+@item LABEL
+Show only a variable label.
+
+@item BOTH
+Show variable name and label.
+
+@item NONE
+Show nothing.
+@end table
+
+@node CTABLES Missing Value Treatment
+@subsection Missing Value Treatment
+
+@display
+@t{/SMISSING} @{@t{VARIABLE} @math{|} @t{LISTWISE}@}
+@end display
+
+The @code{SMISSING} subcommand, which must precede the first
+@code{TABLE} subcommand, controls treatment of missing values for
+scalar variables in producing all the output tables.  @code{SMISSING}
+is optional.
+
+With @code{SMISSING=VARIABLE}, which is the default, missing values
+are excluded on a variable-by-variable basis.  With
+@code{SMISSING=LISTWISE}, when scalar variables are stacked, a missing
+value for any of the scalar variables causes the case to be excluded
+for all of them.
+
+@node CTABLES Computed Categories
+@subsection Computed Categories
+
+@display
+@t{/PCOMPUTE} @t{&}@i{category}@t{=EXPR(}@i{expression}@t{)}
+@t{/PPROPERTIES} @t{&}@i{category}@dots{}
+    [@t{LABEL=}@i{string}]
+    [@t{FORMAT=}[@i{summary} @i{format}]@dots{}]
+    [@t{HIDESOURCECATS=}@{@t{NO} @math{|} @t{YES}@}
+@end display
+
+@dfn{Computed categories}, also called @dfn{postcomputes}, are
+categories created using arithmetic on categories obtained from the
+data.  The @code{PCOMPUTE} subcommand defines computed categories,
+which can then be used in two places: on @code{CATEGORIES} within an
+explicit category list (@pxref{CTABLE Explicit Category List}), and on
+the @code{PPROPERTIES} subcommand to define further properties for a
+given postcompute.
+
+@code{PCOMPUTE} must precede the first @code{TABLE} command.  It is
+optional and it may be used multiple times to define multiple
+postcomputes.
 
 @node FACTOR
 @section FACTOR