6 use File::Temp 'tempfile';
7 use Getopt::Long qw(:config bundling);
9 # Command-line options.
10 our ($start_time) = time ();
11 our ($sim); # Simulator: bochs, qemu, or player.
12 our ($debug) = "none"; # Debugger: none, monitor, or gdb.
13 our ($mem) = 4; # Physical RAM in MB.
14 our ($serial) = 1; # Use serial port for input and output?
15 our ($vga); # VGA output: window, terminal, or none.
16 our ($jitter); # Seed for random timer interrupts, if set.
17 our ($realtime); # Synchronize timer interrupts with real time?
18 our ($timeout); # Maximum runtime in seconds, if set.
19 our ($kill_on_failure); # Abort quickly on test failure?
20 our (@puts); # Files to copy into the VM.
21 our (@gets); # Files to copy out of the VM.
22 our ($as_ref); # Reference to last addition to @gets or @puts.
23 our (@kernel_args); # Arguments to pass to kernel.
24 our (%disks) = (OS => {DEF_FN => 'os.dsk'}, # Disks to give VM.
25 FS => {DEF_FN => 'fs.dsk'},
26 SCRATCH => {DEF_FN => 'scratch.dsk'},
27 SWAP => {DEF_FN => 'swap.dsk'});
28 our (@disks_by_iface) = @disks{qw (OS FS SCRATCH SWAP)};
30 parse_command_line ();
32 prepare_scratch_disk ();
35 finish_scratch_disk ();
39 # Parses the command line.
40 sub parse_command_line {
41 usage (0) if @ARGV == 0 || (@ARGV == 1 && $ARGV[0] eq '--help');
44 if (grep ($_ eq '--', @kernel_args)) {
46 while ((my $arg = shift (@kernel_args)) ne '--') {
49 GetOptions ("sim=s" => sub { set_sim ($_[1]) },
50 "bochs" => sub { set_sim ("bochs") },
51 "qemu" => sub { set_sim ("qemu") },
52 "player" => sub { set_sim ("player") },
54 "debug=s" => sub { set_debug ($_[1]) },
55 "no-debug" => sub { set_debug ("none") },
56 "monitor" => sub { set_debug ("monitor") },
57 "gdb" => sub { set_debug ("gdb") },
59 "m|memory=i" => \$mem,
60 "j|jitter=i" => sub { set_jitter ($_[1]) },
61 "r|realtime" => sub { set_realtime () },
63 "T|timeout=i" => \$timeout,
64 "k|kill-on-failure" => \$kill_on_failure,
66 "v|no-vga" => sub { set_vga ('none'); },
67 "s|no-serial" => sub { $serial = 0; },
68 "t|terminal" => sub { set_vga ('terminal'); },
70 "p|put-file=s" => sub { add_file (\@puts, $_[1]); },
71 "g|get-file=s" => sub { add_file (\@gets, $_[1]); },
72 "a|as=s" => sub { set_as ($_[1]); },
74 "h|help" => sub { usage (0); },
76 "os-disk=s" => \$disks{OS}{FILE_NAME},
77 "fs-disk=s" => \$disks{FS}{FILE_NAME},
78 "scratch-disk=s" => \$disks{SCRATCH}{FILE_NAME},
79 "swap-disk=s" => \$disks{SWAP}{FILE_NAME},
81 "0|disk-0|hda=s" => \$disks_by_iface[0]{FILE_NAME},
82 "1|disk-1|hdb=s" => \$disks_by_iface[1]{FILE_NAME},
83 "2|disk-2|hdc=s" => \$disks_by_iface[2]{FILE_NAME},
84 "3|disk-3|hdd=s" => \$disks_by_iface[3]{FILE_NAME})
88 $sim = "bochs" if !defined $sim;
89 $debug = "none" if !defined $debug;
90 $vga = "window" if !defined $vga;
92 undef $timeout, print "warning: disabling timeout with --$debug\n"
93 if defined ($timeout) && $debug ne 'none';
95 print "warning: enabling serial port for -k or --kill-on-failure\n"
96 if $kill_on_failure && !$serial;
100 # Prints a usage message and exits with $exitcode.
103 $exitcode = 1 unless defined $exitcode;
105 pintos, a utility for running Pintos in a simulator
106 Usage: pintos [OPTION...] -- [ARGUMENT...]
107 where each OPTION is one of the following options
108 and each ARGUMENT is passed to Pintos kernel verbatim.
110 --bochs (default) Use Bochs as simulator
111 --qemu Use QEMU as simulator
112 --player Use VMware Player as simulator
114 --no-debug (default) No debugger
115 --monitor Debug with simulator's monitor
117 Display options: (default is both VGA and serial)
118 -v, --no-vga No VGA display or keyboard
119 -s, --no-serial No serial input or output
120 -t, --terminal Display VGA in terminal (Bochs only)
121 Timing options: (Bochs only)
122 -j SEED Randomize timer interrupts
123 -r, --realtime Use realistic, not reproducible, timings
125 -T, --timeout=N Kill Pintos after N seconds CPU time or N*load_avg
126 seconds wall-clock time (whichever comes first)
127 -k, --kill-on-failure Kill Pintos a few seconds after a kernel or user
128 panic, test failure, or triple fault
129 Configuration options:
130 -m, --mem=N Give Pintos N MB physical RAM (default: 4)
131 File system commands (for `run' command):
132 -p, --put-file=HOSTFN Copy HOSTFN into VM, by default under same name
133 -g, --get-file=GUESTFN Copy GUESTFN out of VM, by default under same name
134 -a, --as=FILENAME Specifies guest (for -p) or host (for -g) file name
135 Disk options: (name an existing FILE or specify SIZE in MB for a temp disk)
136 --os-disk=FILE Set OS disk file (default: os.dsk)
137 --fs-disk=FILE|SIZE Set FS disk file (default: fs.dsk)
138 --scratch-disk=FILE|SIZE Set scratch disk (default: scratch.dsk)
139 --swap-disk=FILE|SIZE Set swap disk file (default: swap.dsk)
141 -h, --help Display this help message.
146 # Sets the simulator.
149 die "--$new_sim conflicts with --$sim\n"
150 if defined ($sim) && $sim ne $new_sim;
156 my ($new_debug) = @_;
157 die "--$new_debug conflicts with --$debug\n"
158 if $debug ne 'none' && $new_debug ne 'none' && $debug ne $new_debug;
162 # Sets VGA output destination.
165 if (defined ($vga) && $vga ne $new_vga) {
166 print "warning: conflicting vga display options\n";
171 # Sets randomized timer interrupts.
173 my ($new_jitter) = @_;
174 die "--realtime conflicts with --jitter\n" if defined $realtime;
175 die "different --jitter already defined\n"
176 if defined $jitter && $jitter != $new_jitter;
177 $jitter = $new_jitter;
180 # Sets real-time timer interrupts.
182 die "--realtime conflicts with --jitter\n" if defined $jitter;
186 # add_file(\@list, $file)
188 # Adds [$file] to @list, which should be @puts or @gets.
189 # Sets $as_ref to point to the added element.
191 my ($list, $file) = @_;
193 push (@$list, $as_ref);
196 # Sets the guest/host name for the previous put/get.
199 die "-a (or --as) is only allowed after -p or -g\n" if !defined $as_ref;
200 die "Only one -a (or --as) is allowed after -p or -g\n"
201 if defined $as_ref->[1];
205 # Locates the files used to back each of the virtual disks,
206 # and creates temporary disks.
208 for my $disk (values %disks) {
209 # If there's no assigned file name but the default file exists,
210 # try to assign a default file name.
211 if (!defined ($disk->{FILE_NAME})) {
212 for my $try_fn ($disk->{DEF_FN}, "build/" . $disk->{DEF_FN}) {
213 $disk->{FILE_NAME} = $try_fn, last
218 # If there's no file name, we're done.
219 next if !defined ($disk->{FILE_NAME});
221 if ($disk->{FILE_NAME} =~ /^\d+(\.\d+)?|\.\d+$/) {
222 # Create a temporary disk of approximately the specified
224 die "OS disk can't be temporary\n" if $disk == $disks{OS};
226 my ($mb) = $disk->{FILE_NAME};
227 undef $disk->{FILE_NAME};
229 my ($cyl_size) = 512 * 16 * 63;
230 extend_disk ($disk, ceil ($mb * 2) * $cyl_size);
232 # The file must exist and have nonzero size.
233 -e $disk->{FILE_NAME} or die "$disk->{FILE_NAME}: stat: $!\n";
234 -s _ or die "$disk->{FILE_NAME}: disk has zero size\n";
238 # Warn about (potentially) missing disks.
239 die "Cannot find OS disk\n" if !defined $disks{OS}{FILE_NAME};
240 if (my ($project) = `pwd` =~ /\b(threads|userprog|vm|filesys)\b/) {
241 if ((grep ($project eq $_, qw (userprog vm filesys)))
242 && !defined ($disks{FS}{FILE_NAME})) {
243 print STDERR "warning: it looks like you're running the $project ";
244 print STDERR "project, but no file system disk is present\n";
246 if ($project eq 'vm' && !defined $disks{SWAP}{FILE_NAME}) {
247 print STDERR "warning: it looks like you're running the $project ";
248 print STDERR "project, but no swap disk is present\n";
253 # Prepare the scratch disk for gets and puts.
254 sub prepare_scratch_disk {
256 # Write ustar header and data for each file.
257 put_scratch_file ($_->[0],
258 defined $_->[1] ? $_->[1] : $_->[0])
261 # Write end-of-archive marker.
262 print { $disks{SCRATCH}{HANDLE} } "\0" x 1024;
265 # Make sure the scratch disk is big enough to get big files.
266 extend_disk ($disks{SCRATCH}, @gets * 1024 * 1024) if @gets;
269 # Read "get" files from the scratch disk.
270 sub finish_scratch_disk {
271 # We need to start reading the scratch disk from the beginning again.
273 close ($disks{SCRATCH}{HANDLE});
274 undef ($disks{SCRATCH}{HANDLE});
278 # If reading fails, delete that file and all subsequent files.
280 foreach my $get (@gets) {
281 my ($name) = defined ($get->[1]) ? $get->[1] : $get->[0];
282 my ($error) = get_scratch_file ($name);
284 print STDERR "getting $name failed ($error)\n";
285 die "$name: unlink: $!\n" if !unlink ($name) && !$!{ENOENT};
291 # mk_ustar_field($number, $size)
293 # Returns $number in a $size-byte numeric field in the format used by
294 # the standard ustar archive header.
296 my ($number, $size) = @_;
297 my ($len) = $size - 1;
298 my ($out) = sprintf ("%0${len}o", $number) . "\0";
299 die "$number: too large for $size-byte octal ustar field\n"
300 if length ($out) != $size;
304 # calc_ustar_chksum($s)
306 # Calculates and returns the ustar checksum of 512-byte ustar archive
308 sub calc_ustar_chksum {
310 die if length ($s) != 512;
311 substr ($s, 148, 8, ' ' x 8);
312 return unpack ("%32a*", $s);
315 # put_scratch_file($src_file_name, $dst_file_name).
317 # Copies $src_file_name into the scratch disk for extraction as
319 sub put_scratch_file {
320 my ($src_file_name, $dst_file_name) = @_;
321 my ($disk_handle, $disk_file_name) = open_disk ($disks{SCRATCH});
323 print "Copying $src_file_name to scratch partition...\n";
325 # ustar format supports up to 100 characters for a file name, and
326 # even longer names given some common properties, but our code in
327 # the Pintos kernel only supports at most 99 characters.
328 die "$dst_file_name: name too long (max 99 characters)\n"
329 if length ($dst_file_name) > 99;
331 # Compose and write ustar header.
332 stat $src_file_name or die "$src_file_name: stat: $!\n";
334 my ($header) = (pack ("a100", $dst_file_name) # name
335 . mk_ustar_field (0644, 8) # mode
336 . mk_ustar_field (0, 8) # uid
337 . mk_ustar_field (0, 8) # gid
338 . mk_ustar_field ($size, 12) # size
339 . mk_ustar_field (1136102400, 12) # mtime
342 . ("\0" x 100) # linkname
345 . "root" . ("\0" x 28) # uname
346 . "root" . ("\0" x 28) # gname
347 . "\0" x 8 # devmajor
348 . "\0" x 8 # devminor
349 . ("\0" x 155)) # prefix
350 . "\0" x 12; # pad to 512 bytes
351 substr ($header, 148, 8) = mk_ustar_field (calc_ustar_chksum ($header), 8);
352 write_fully ($disk_handle, $disk_file_name, $header);
356 sysopen ($put_handle, $src_file_name, O_RDONLY)
357 or die "$src_file_name: open: $!\n";
358 copy_file ($put_handle, $src_file_name, $disk_handle, $disk_file_name,
360 die "$src_file_name: changed size while being read\n"
361 if $size != -s $put_handle;
364 # Round up disk data to beginning of next sector.
365 write_fully ($disk_handle, $disk_file_name, "\0" x (512 - $size % 512))
369 # get_scratch_file($file).
371 # Copies from the scratch disk to $file.
372 # Returns 1 if successful, 0 on failure.
373 sub get_scratch_file {
374 my ($get_file_name) = @_;
375 my ($disk_handle, $disk_file_name) = open_disk ($disks{SCRATCH});
377 print "Copying $get_file_name out of $disk_file_name...\n";
379 # Read ustar header sector.
380 my ($header) = read_fully ($disk_handle, $disk_file_name, 512);
381 return "scratch disk tar archive ends unexpectedly"
382 if $header eq ("\0" x 512);
384 # Verify magic numbers.
385 return "corrupt ustar signature" if substr ($header, 257, 6) ne "ustar\0";
386 return "invalid ustar version" if substr ($header, 263, 2) ne '00';
389 my ($chksum) = oct (unpack ("Z*", substr ($header, 148, 8)));
390 my ($correct_chksum) = calc_ustar_chksum ($header);
391 return "checksum mismatch" if $chksum != $correct_chksum;
394 my ($typeflag) = substr ($header, 156, 1);
395 return "not a regular file" if $typeflag ne '0' && $typeflag ne "\0";
398 my ($size) = oct (unpack ("Z*", substr ($header, 124, 12)));
399 return "bad size $size\n" if $size < 0;
403 sysopen ($get_handle, $get_file_name, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0666)
404 or die "$get_file_name: create: $!\n";
405 copy_file ($disk_handle, $disk_file_name, $get_handle, $get_file_name,
409 # Skip forward in disk up to beginning of next sector.
410 read_fully ($disk_handle, $disk_file_name, 512 - $size % 512)
416 # Prepares the arguments to pass to the Pintos kernel,
417 # and then write them into Pintos bootloader.
418 sub prepare_arguments {
420 push (@args, shift (@kernel_args))
421 while @kernel_args && $kernel_args[0] =~ /^-/;
422 push (@args, 'extract') if @puts;
423 push (@args, @kernel_args);
424 push (@args, 'append', $_->[0]) foreach @gets;
425 write_cmd_line ($disks{OS}, @args);
428 # Writes @args into the Pintos bootloader at the beginning of $disk.
430 my ($disk, @args) = @_;
432 # Figure out command line to write.
433 my ($arg_cnt) = pack ("V", scalar (@args));
434 my ($args) = join ('', map ("$_\0", @args));
435 die "command line exceeds 128 bytes" if length ($args) > 128;
436 $args .= "\0" x (128 - length ($args));
438 # Write command line.
439 my ($handle, $file_name) = open_disk_copy ($disk);
440 print "Writing command line to $file_name...\n";
441 sysseek ($handle, 0x17a, 0) == 0x17a or die "$file_name: seek: $!\n";
442 syswrite ($handle, "$arg_cnt$args") or die "$file_name: write: $!\n";
445 # Running simulators.
447 # Runs the selected simulator.
449 if ($sim eq 'bochs') {
451 } elsif ($sim eq 'qemu') {
453 } elsif ($sim eq 'player') {
456 die "unknown simulator `$sim'\n";
462 # Select Bochs binary based on the chosen debugger.
463 my ($bin) = $debug eq 'monitor' ? 'bochs-dbg' : 'bochs';
467 $squish_pty = find_in_path ("squish-pty");
468 print "warning: can't find squish-pty, so terminal input will fail\n"
469 if !defined $squish_pty;
472 # Write bochsrc.txt configuration file.
473 open (BOCHSRC, ">", "bochsrc.txt") or die "bochsrc.txt: create: $!\n";
475 romimage: file=\$BXSHARE/BIOS-bochs-latest
476 vgaromimage: file=\$BXSHARE/VGABIOS-lgpl-latest
483 print BOCHSRC "gdbstub: enabled=1\n" if $debug eq 'gdb';
485 print BOCHSRC "clock: sync=realtime\n";
487 print BOCHSRC "clock: sync=none, time0=0\n";
489 print_bochs_disk_line ("ata0-master", 0);
490 print_bochs_disk_line ("ata0-slave", 1);
491 if (defined ($disks_by_iface[2]{FILE_NAME})
492 || defined ($disks_by_iface[3]{FILE_NAME})) {
493 print BOCHSRC "ata1: enabled=1, ioaddr1=0x170, ",
494 "ioaddr2=0x370, irq=15\n";
495 print_bochs_disk_line ("ata1-master", 2);
496 print_bochs_disk_line ("ata1-slave", 3);
498 if ($vga ne 'terminal') {
500 my $mode = defined ($squish_pty) ? "term" : "file";
501 print BOCHSRC "com1: enabled=1, mode=$mode, dev=/dev/stdout\n";
503 print BOCHSRC "display_library: nogui\n" if $vga eq 'none';
505 print BOCHSRC "display_library: term\n";
509 # Compose Bochs command line.
510 my (@cmd) = ($bin, '-q');
511 unshift (@cmd, $squish_pty) if defined $squish_pty;
512 push (@cmd, '-j', $jitter) if defined $jitter;
515 print join (' ', @cmd), "\n";
516 my ($exit) = xsystem (@cmd);
517 if (WIFEXITED ($exit)) {
518 # Bochs exited normally.
519 # Ignore the exit code; Bochs normally exits with status 1,
521 } elsif (WIFSIGNALED ($exit)) {
522 die "Bochs died with signal ", WTERMSIG ($exit), "\n";
524 die "Bochs died: code $exit\n";
528 # print_bochs_disk_line($device, $iface)
530 # If IDE interface $iface has a disk attached, prints a bochsrc.txt
531 # line for attaching it to $device.
532 sub print_bochs_disk_line {
533 my ($device, $iface) = @_;
534 my ($disk) = $disks_by_iface[$iface];
535 my ($file) = $disk->{FILE_NAME};
537 my (%geom) = disk_geometry ($disk);
538 print BOCHSRC "$device: type=disk, path=$file, mode=flat, ";
539 print BOCHSRC "cylinders=$geom{C}, heads=$geom{H}, spt=$geom{S}, ";
540 print BOCHSRC "translation=none\n";
546 print "warning: qemu doesn't support --terminal\n"
547 if $vga eq 'terminal';
548 print "warning: qemu doesn't support jitter\n"
550 my (@cmd) = ('qemu');
551 for my $iface (0...3) {
552 my ($option) = ('-hda', '-hdb', '-hdc', '-hdd')[$iface];
553 push (@cmd, $option, $disks_by_iface[$iface]{FILE_NAME})
554 if defined $disks_by_iface[$iface]{FILE_NAME};
556 push (@cmd, '-m', $mem);
557 push (@cmd, '-net', 'none');
558 push (@cmd, '-nographic') if $vga eq 'none';
559 push (@cmd, '-serial', 'stdio') if $serial && $vga ne 'none';
560 push (@cmd, '-S') if $debug eq 'monitor';
561 push (@cmd, '-s', '-S') if $debug eq 'gdb';
562 push (@cmd, '-monitor', 'null') if $vga eq 'none' && $debug eq 'none';
566 # player_unsup($flag)
568 # Prints a message that $flag is unsupported by VMware Player.
571 print "warning: no support for $flag with VMware Player\n";
574 # Runs VMware Player.
576 player_unsup ("--$debug") if $debug ne 'none';
577 player_unsup ("--no-vga") if $vga eq 'none';
578 player_unsup ("--terminal") if $vga eq 'terminal';
579 player_unsup ("--jitter") if defined $jitter;
580 player_unsup ("--timeout"), undef $timeout if defined $timeout;
581 player_unsup ("--kill-on-failure"), undef $kill_on_failure
582 if defined $kill_on_failure;
584 # Memory size must be multiple of 4.
585 $mem = int (($mem + 3) / 4) * 4;
587 open (VMX, ">", "pintos.vmx") or die "pintos.vmx: create: $!\n";
588 chmod 0777 & ~umask, "pintos.vmx";
590 #! /usr/bin/vmware -G
594 floppy0.present = FALSE
596 sound.present = FALSE
597 gui.exitAtPowerOff = TRUE
598 gui.exitOnCLIHLT = TRUE
599 gui.powerOnAtStartUp = TRUE
604 print VMX <<EOF if $serial;
605 serial0.present = TRUE
606 serial0.fileType = "pipe"
607 serial0.fileName = "pintos.socket"
608 serial0.pipe.endPoint = "client"
609 serial0.tryNoRxLoss = "TRUE"
612 for (my ($i) = 0; $i < 4; $i++) {
613 my ($disk) = $disks_by_iface[$i];
614 my ($dsk) = $disk->{FILE_NAME};
615 next if !defined $dsk;
617 my ($device) = "ide" . int ($i / 2) . ":" . ($i % 2);
618 my ($pln) = "$device.pln";
621 $device.present = TRUE
622 $device.deviceType = "plainDisk"
623 $device.fileName = "$pln"
626 open (URANDOM, '<', '/dev/urandom') or die "/dev/urandom: open: $!\n";
628 sysread (URANDOM, $bytes, 4) == 4 or die "/dev/urandom: read: $!\n";
630 my ($cid) = unpack ("L", $bytes);
632 my (%geom) = disk_geometry ($disk);
633 open (PLN, ">", $pln) or die "$pln: create: $!\n";
638 createType="monolithicFlat"
640 RW $geom{CAPACITY} FLAT "$dsk" 0
645 ddb.adapterType = "ide"
646 ddb.virtualHWVersion = "4"
647 ddb.toolsVersion = "2"
648 ddb.geometry.cylinders = "$geom{C}"
649 ddb.geometry.heads = "$geom{H}"
650 ddb.geometry.sectors = "$geom{S}"
658 $squish_unix = find_in_path ("squish-unix");
659 print "warning: can't find squish-unix, so terminal input ",
660 "and output will fail\n" if !defined $squish_unix;
663 my ($vmx) = getcwd () . "/pintos.vmx";
664 my (@cmd) = ("vmplayer", $vmx);
665 unshift (@cmd, $squish_unix, "pintos.socket") if $squish_unix;
666 print join (' ', @cmd), "\n";
674 # Opens $disk, if it is not already open, and returns its file handle
678 if (!defined ($disk->{HANDLE})) {
679 if ($disk->{FILE_NAME}) {
680 sysopen ($disk->{HANDLE}, $disk->{FILE_NAME}, O_RDWR)
681 or die "$disk->{FILE_NAME}: open: $!\n";
683 ($disk->{HANDLE}, $disk->{FILE_NAME}) = tempfile (UNLINK => 1,
687 return ($disk->{HANDLE}, $disk->{FILE_NAME});
690 # open_disk_copy($disk)
692 # Makes a temporary copy of $disk and returns its file handle and file name.
695 die if !$disk->{FILE_NAME};
697 my ($orig_handle, $orig_file_name) = open_disk ($disk);
698 my ($cp_handle, $cp_file_name) = tempfile (UNLINK => 1, SUFFIX => '.dsk');
699 copy_file ($orig_handle, $orig_file_name, $cp_handle, $cp_file_name,
701 return ($disk->{HANDLE}, $disk->{FILE_NAME}) = ($cp_handle, $cp_file_name);
704 # extend_disk($disk, $size)
706 # Extends $disk, if necessary, so that it is at least $size bytes
709 my ($disk, $size) = @_;
710 my ($handle, $file_name) = open_disk ($disk);
711 if (-s ($handle) < $size) {
712 sysseek ($handle, $size - 1, 0) == $size - 1
713 or die "$file_name: seek: $!\n";
714 syswrite ($handle, "\0") == 1
715 or die "$file_name: write: $!\n";
719 # disk_geometry($file)
721 # Examines $file and returns a valid IDE disk geometry for it, as a
725 my ($file) = $disk->{FILE_NAME};
726 my ($size) = -s $file;
727 die "$file: stat: $!\n" if !defined $size;
728 die "$file: size not a multiple of 512 bytes\n" if $size % 512;
729 my ($cyl_size) = 512 * 16 * 63;
730 my ($cylinders) = ceil ($size / $cyl_size);
731 extend_disk ($disk, $cylinders * $cyl_size) if $size % $cyl_size;
733 return (CAPACITY => $size / 512,
739 # copy_file($from_handle, $from_file_name, $to_handle, $to_file_name, $size)
741 # Copies $size bytes from $from_handle to $to_handle.
742 # $from_file_name and $to_file_name are used in error messages.
744 my ($from_handle, $from_file_name, $to_handle, $to_file_name, $size) = @_;
747 my ($chunk_size) = 4096;
748 $chunk_size = $size if $chunk_size > $size;
749 $size -= $chunk_size;
751 my ($data) = read_fully ($from_handle, $from_file_name, $chunk_size);
752 write_fully ($to_handle, $to_file_name, $data);
756 # read_fully($handle, $file_name, $bytes)
758 # Reads exactly $bytes bytes from $handle and returns the data read.
759 # $file_name is used in error messages.
761 my ($handle, $file_name, $bytes) = @_;
763 my ($read_bytes) = sysread ($handle, $data, $bytes);
764 die "$file_name: read: $!\n" if !defined $read_bytes;
765 die "$file_name: unexpected end of file\n" if $read_bytes != $bytes;
769 # write_fully($handle, $file_name, $data)
771 # Write $data to $handle.
772 # $file_name is used in error messages.
774 my ($handle, $file_name, $data) = @_;
775 my ($written_bytes) = syswrite ($handle, $data);
776 die "$file_name: write: $!\n" if !defined $written_bytes;
777 die "$file_name: short write\n" if $written_bytes != length $data;
780 # Subprocess utilities.
784 # Runs xsystem(@args).
785 # Also prints the command it's running and checks that it succeeded.
787 print join (' ', @_), "\n";
788 die "command failed\n" if xsystem (@_);
793 # Creates a subprocess via exec(@args) and waits for it to complete.
794 # Relays common signals to the subprocess.
795 # If $timeout is set then the subprocess will be killed after that long.
797 # QEMU turns off local echo and does not restore it if killed by a signal.
798 # We compensate by restoring it ourselves.
799 my $cleanup = sub {};
801 my $termios = POSIX::Termios->new;
802 $termios->getattr (0);
803 $cleanup = sub { $termios->setattr (0, &POSIX::TCSANOW); }
806 # Create pipe for filtering output.
807 pipe (my $in, my $out) or die "pipe: $!\n" if $kill_on_failure;
810 if (!defined ($pid)) {
814 # Running in child process.
815 dup2 (fileno ($out), STDOUT_FILENO) or die "dup2: $!\n"
819 # Running in parent process.
820 close $out if $kill_on_failure;
823 local $SIG{ALRM} = sub { timeout ($pid, $cause, $cleanup); };
824 local $SIG{INT} = sub { relay_signal ($pid, "INT", $cleanup); };
825 local $SIG{TERM} = sub { relay_signal ($pid, "TERM", $cleanup); };
826 alarm ($timeout * get_load_average () + 1) if defined ($timeout);
828 if ($kill_on_failure) {
834 if (waitpid ($pid, WNOHANG) != 0) {
835 # Subprocess died. Pass through any remaining data.
836 print $buf while sysread ($in, $buf, 4096) > 0;
840 # Read and print out pipe data.
841 my ($len) = length ($buf);
842 waitpid ($pid, 0), last
843 if sysread ($in, $buf, 4096, $len) <= 0;
844 print substr ($buf, $len);
846 # Remove full lines from $buf and scan them for keywords.
847 while ((my $idx = index ($buf, "\n")) >= 0) {
848 local $_ = substr ($buf, 0, $idx + 1, '');
849 next if defined ($cause);
850 if (/(Kernel PANIC|User process ABORT)/ ) {
853 } elsif (/Pintos booting/ && ++$boots > 1) {
854 $cause = "triple fault";
857 $cause = "test failure";
868 if (WIFSIGNALED ($?) && WTERMSIG ($?) == SIGVTALRM ()) {
870 print "\nTIMEOUT after $timeout seconds of host CPU time\n";
878 # relay_signal($pid, $signal, &$cleanup)
880 # Relays $signal to $pid and then reinvokes it for us with the default
881 # handler. Also cleans up temporary files and invokes $cleanup.
883 my ($pid, $signal, $cleanup) = @_;
885 eval { File::Temp::cleanup() }; # Not defined in old File::Temp.
887 $SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT';
888 kill $signal, getpid ();
891 # timeout($pid, $cause, &$cleanup)
893 # Interrupts $pid and dies with a timeout error message,
894 # after invoking $cleanup.
896 my ($pid, $cause, $cleanup) = @_;
901 if (!defined ($cause)) {
902 my ($load_avg) = `uptime` =~ /(load average:.*)$/i;
903 print "\nTIMEOUT after ", time () - $start_time,
904 " seconds of wall-clock time";
905 print " - $load_avg" if defined $load_avg;
908 print "Simulation terminated due to $cause.\n";
913 # Returns the system load average over the last minute.
914 # If the load average is less than 1.0 or cannot be determined, returns 1.0.
915 sub get_load_average {
916 my ($avg) = `uptime` =~ /load average:\s*([^,]+),/;
917 return $avg >= 1.0 ? $avg : 1.0;
920 # Calls setitimer to set a timeout, then execs what was passed to us.
922 if (defined $timeout) {
925 use Time::HiRes qw(setitimer ITIMER_VIRTUAL);
926 setitimer (ITIMER_VIRTUAL, $timeout, 0);
929 { exec ("setitimer-helper", $timeout, @_); };
930 exit 1 if !$!{ENOENT};
931 print STDERR "warning: setitimer-helper is not installed, so ",
932 "CPU time limit will not be enforced\n";
942 foreach my $name (split(' ', $Config{sig_name})) {
943 return $i if $name eq 'VTALRM';
949 # find_in_path ($program)
951 # Searches for $program in $ENV{PATH}.
952 # Returns $program if found, otherwise undef.
955 -x "$_/$program" and return $program foreach split (':', $ENV{PATH});