@{A,D@}
@end display
-The @cmd{DESCRIPTIVES} procedure reads the active file and outputs
+The @cmd{DESCRIPTIVES} procedure reads the active dataset and outputs
descriptive
statistics requested by the user. In addition, it can optionally
compute Z-scores.
boundaries of the data set divided into the specified number of ranges.
For instance, @code{/NTILES=4} would cause quartiles to be reported.
+@cindex histogram
The HISTOGRAM subcommand causes the output to include a histogram for
each specified numeric variable. The X axis by default ranges from
the minimum to the maximum value observed in the data, but the MINIMUM
superimpose a normal curve on the histogram. Histograms are not
created for string variables.
+@cindex piechart
The PIECHART adds a pie chart for each variable to the data. Each
slice represents one value, with the size of the slice proportional to
the value's frequency. By default, all non-missing values are given
how many upper and lower extremes to show. The default number is 5.
+@cindex boxplot
+@cindex histogram
+@cindex npplot
The PLOT subcommand specifies which plots are to be produced if any.
+Available plots are HISTOGRAM, NPPLOT and BOXPLOT.
The COMPARE subcommand is only relevant if producing boxplots, and it is only
useful there is more than one dependent variable and at least one factor. If
@menu
* BINOMIAL:: Binomial Test
* CHISQUARE:: Chisquare Test
-* WILCOXON:: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
+* COCHRAN:: Cochran Q Test
+* FRIEDMAN:: Friedman Test
+* KENDALL:: Kendall's W Test
+* KRUSKAL-WALLIS:: Kruskal-Wallis Test
+* MANN-WHITNEY:: Mann Whitney U Test
+* RUNS:: Runs Test
* SIGN:: The Sign Test
+* WILCOXON:: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
@end menu
If no /EXPECTED subcommand is given, then then equal frequencies
are expected.
-@node WILCOXON
-@subsection Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks Test
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@vindex WILCOXON
-@cindex wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test
+
+@node COCHRAN
+@subsection Cochran Q Test
+@vindex Cochran
+@cindex Cochran Q test
+@cindex Q, Cochran Q
@display
- [ /WILCOXON varlist [ WITH varlist [ (PAIRED) ]]]
+ [ /COCHRAN = varlist ]
@end display
-The /WILCOXON subcommand tests for differences between medians of the
+The Cochran Q test is used to test for differences between three or more groups.
+The data for @var{varlist} in all cases must assume exactly two distinct values (other than missing values).
+
+The value of Q will be displayed and its Asymptotic significance based on a chi-square distribution.
+
+@node FRIEDMAN
+@subsection Friedman Test
+@vindex FRIEDMAN
+@cindex Friedman test
+
+@display
+ [ /FRIEDMAN = varlist ]
+@end display
+
+The Friedman test is used to test for differences between repeated measures when there is no indication that the distributions are normally distributed.
+
+A list of variables which contain the measured data must be given. The procedure prints the sum of ranks for each variable, the test statistic and its significance.
+
+@node KENDALL
+@subsection Kendall's W Test
+@vindex KENDALL
+@cindex Kendall's W test
+@cindex coefficient of concordance
+
+@display
+ [ /KENDALL = varlist ]
+@end display
+
+The Kendall test investigates whether an arbitrary number of related samples come from the
+same population.
+It is identical to the Friedman test except that the additional statistic W, Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance is printed.
+It has the range [0,1] --- a value of zero indicates no agreement between the samples whereas a value of
+unity indicates complete agreement.
+
+
+@node KRUSKAL-WALLIS
+@subsection Kruskal-Wallis Test
+@vindex KRUSKAL-WALLIS
+@vindex K-W
+@cindex Kruskal-Wallis test
+
+@display
+ [ /KRUSKAL-WALLIS = varlist BY var (lower, upper) ]
+@end display
+
+The Kruskal-Wallis test is used to compare data from an
+arbitrary number of populations. It does not assume normality.
+The data to be compared are specified by @var{varlist}.
+The categorical variable determining the groups to which the
+data belongs is given by @var{var}. The limits @var{lower} and
+@var{upper} specify the valid range of @var{var}. Any cases for
+which @var{var} falls outside [@var{lower}, @var{upper}] will be
+ignored.
+
+The mean rank of each group as well as the chi-squared value and significance
+of the test will be printed.
+The abbreviated subcommand K-W may be used in place of KRUSKAL-WALLIS.
+
+
+@node MANN-WHITNEY
+@subsection Mann-Whitney U Test
+@vindex MANN-WHITNEY
+@vindex M-W
+@cindex Mann-Whitney U test
+@cindex U, Mann-Whitney U
+
+@display
+ [ /MANN-WHITNEY = varlist BY var (group1, group2) ]
+@end display
+
+The Mann-Whitney subcommand is used to test whether two groups of data come from different populations.
+The variables to be tested should be specified in @var{varlist} and the grouping variable, that determines to which group the test variables belong, in @var{var}.
+@var{Var} may be either a string or an alpha variable.
+@var{Group1} and @var{group2} specify the
+two values of @var{var} which determine the groups of the test data.
+Cases for which the @var{var} value is neither @var{group1} or @var{group2} will be ignored.
+
+The value of the Mann-Whitney U statistic, the Wilcoxon W, and the significance will be printed.
+The abbreviated subcommand M-W may be used in place of MANN-WHITNEY.
+
+
+@node RUNS
+@subsection Runs Test
+@vindex RUNS
+@cindex runs test
+
+@display
+ [ /RUNS (@{MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE, value@}) varlist ]
+@end display
+
+The /RUNS subcommand tests whether a data sequence is randomly ordered.
+
+It works by examining the number of times a variable's value crosses a given threshold.
+The desired threshold must be specified within parentheses.
+It may either be specified as a number or as one of MEAN, MEDIAN or MODE.
+Following the threshold specification comes the list of variables whose values are to be
+tested.
+
+The subcommand shows the number of runs, the asymptotic significance based on the
+length of the data.
+
+@node SIGN
+@subsection Sign Test
+@vindex SIGN
+@cindex sign test
+
+@display
+ [ /SIGN varlist [ WITH varlist [ (PAIRED) ]]]
+@end display
+
+The /SIGN subcommand tests for differences between medians of the
variables listed.
-The test does not make any assumptions about the variances of the samples.
-It does however assume that the distribution is symetrical.
+The test does not make any assumptions about the
+distribution of the data.
If the @code{WITH} keyword is omitted, then tests for all
combinations of the listed variables are performed.
of variable preceding @code{WITH} against variable following
@code{WITH} are performed.
-
-@node SIGN
-@subsection Sign Test
-@vindex SIGN
-@cindex sign test
+@node WILCOXON
+@subsection Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks Test
+@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@vindex WILCOXON
+@cindex wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test
@display
- [ /SIGN varlist [ WITH varlist [ (PAIRED) ]]]
+ [ /WILCOXON varlist [ WITH varlist [ (PAIRED) ]]]
@end display
-The /SIGN subcommand tests for differences between medians of the
+The /WILCOXON subcommand tests for differences between medians of the
variables listed.
-The test does not make any assumptions about the
-distribution of the data.
+The test does not make any assumptions about the variances of the samples.
+It does however assume that the distribution is symetrical.
If the @code{WITH} keyword is omitted, then tests for all
combinations of the listed variables are performed.
It is used to compare the means of a population
divided into more than two groups.
-The variables to be analysed should be given in the @code{VARIABLES}
+The dependent variables to be analysed should be given in the @code{VARIABLES}
subcommand.
The list of variables must be followed by the @code{BY} keyword and
the name of the independent (or factor) variable.
display a warning, but will proceed with the analysis.
The @code{CONTRAST} subcommand may be given up to 10 times in order
to specify different contrast tests.
+The @code{MISSING} subcommand defines how missing values are handled.
+If LISTWISE is specified then cases which have missing values for
+the independent variable or any dependent variable will be ignored.
+If ANALYSIS is specified, then cases will be ignored if the independent
+variable is missing or if the dependent variable currently being
+analysed is missing. The default is ANALYSIS.
+A setting of EXCLUDE means that variables whose values are
+user-missing are to be excluded from the analysis. A setting of
+INCLUDE means they are to be included. The default is EXCLUDE.
+
@node RANK
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
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