* NPAR TESTS:: Nonparametric tests.
* T-TEST:: Test hypotheses about means.
* ONEWAY:: One way analysis of variance.
+* QUICK CLUSTER:: K-Means clustering.
* RANK:: Compute rank scores.
* REGRESSION:: Linear regression.
* RELIABILITY:: Reliability analysis.
@{A,D@}
@end display
-The @cmd{DESCRIPTIVES} procedure reads the active file and outputs
+The @cmd{DESCRIPTIVES} procedure reads the active dataset and outputs
descriptive
statistics requested by the user. In addition, it can optionally
compute Z-scores.
containing boxplots for all the factors.
If /COMPARE=VARIABLES is specified, then one plot per factor is produced, each
each containing one boxplot per dependent variable.
-If the /COMPARE subcommand is ommitted, then PSPP uses the default value of
+If the /COMPARE subcommand is omitted, then PSPP uses the default value of
/COMPARE=GROUPS.
The ID subcommand also pertains to boxplots. If given, it must
/MISSING=@{TABLE,INCLUDE,REPORT@}
/WRITE=@{NONE,CELLS,ALL@}
/FORMAT=@{TABLES,NOTABLES@}
- @{LABELS,NOLABELS,NOVALLABS@}
@{PIVOT,NOPIVOT@}
@{AVALUE,DVALUE@}
@{NOINDEX,INDEX@}
TABLES, the default, causes crosstabulation tables to be output.
NOTABLES suppresses them.
-@item
-LABELS, the default, allows variable labels and value labels to appear
-in the output. NOLABELS suppresses them. NOVALLABS displays variable
-labels but suppresses value labels.
-
@item
PIVOT, the default, causes each TABLES subcommand to be displayed in a
pivot table format. NOPIVOT causes the old-style crosstabulation format
[ /ROTATION=@{VARIMAX, EQUAMAX, QUARTIMAX, NOROTATE@}]
- [ /PRINT=[INITIAL] [EXTRACTION] [ROTATION] [UNIVARIATE] [CORRELATION] [COVARIANCE] [DET] [SIG] [ALL] [DEFAULT] ]
+ [ /PRINT=[INITIAL] [EXTRACTION] [ROTATION] [UNIVARIATE] [CORRELATION] [COVARIANCE] [DET] [KMO] [SIG] [ALL] [DEFAULT] ]
[ /PLOT=[EIGEN] ]
The covariance matrix is printed.
@item DET
The determinant of the correlation or covariance matrix is printed.
+@item KMO
+ The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy and the Bartlett test of sphericity is printed.
@item SIG
The significance of the elements of correlation matrix is printed.
@item ALL
Identical to INITIAL and EXTRACTION.
@end itemize
-If /PLOT=EIGEN is given, then a ``Scree'' plot of the eigenvalues will be printed. This can be useful for visualising
+If /PLOT=EIGEN is given, then a ``Scree'' plot of the eigenvalues will be printed. This can be useful for visualizing
which factors (components) should be retained.
The /FORMAT subcommand determined how data are to be displayed in loading matrices. If SORT is specified, then the variables
@menu
* BINOMIAL:: Binomial Test
* CHISQUARE:: Chisquare Test
+* COCHRAN:: Cochran Q Test
* FRIEDMAN:: Friedman Test
+* KENDALL:: Kendall's W Test
+* KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV:: Kolmogorov Smirnov Test
* KRUSKAL-WALLIS:: Kruskal-Wallis Test
-* WILCOXON:: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
+* MANN-WHITNEY:: Mann Whitney U Test
+* MCNEMAR:: McNemar Test
+* MEDIAN:: Median Test
* RUNS:: Runs Test
* SIGN:: The Sign Test
+* WILCOXON:: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
@end menu
are expected.
+@node COCHRAN
+@subsection Cochran Q Test
+@vindex Cochran
+@cindex Cochran Q test
+@cindex Q, Cochran Q
+
+@display
+ [ /COCHRAN = varlist ]
+@end display
+
+The Cochran Q test is used to test for differences between three or more groups.
+The data for @var{varlist} in all cases must assume exactly two distinct values (other than missing values).
+
+The value of Q will be displayed and its Asymptotic significance based on a chi-square distribution.
+
@node FRIEDMAN
@subsection Friedman Test
@vindex FRIEDMAN
A list of variables which contain the measured data must be given. The procedure prints the sum of ranks for each variable, the test statistic and its significance.
+@node KENDALL
+@subsection Kendall's W Test
+@vindex KENDALL
+@cindex Kendall's W test
+@cindex coefficient of concordance
+
+@display
+ [ /KENDALL = varlist ]
+@end display
+
+The Kendall test investigates whether an arbitrary number of related samples come from the
+same population.
+It is identical to the Friedman test except that the additional statistic W, Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance is printed.
+It has the range [0,1] --- a value of zero indicates no agreement between the samples whereas a value of
+unity indicates complete agreement.
+
+
+@node KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV
+@subsection Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
+@vindex KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV
+@vindex K-S
+@cindex Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
+
+@display
+ [ /KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV (@{NORMAL [@var{mu}, @var{sigma}], UNIFORM [@var{min}, @var{max}], POISSON [@var{lambda}], EXPONENTIAL [@var{scale}] @}) = varlist ]
+@end display
+
+The one sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov subcommand is used to test whether or not a dataset is
+drawn from a particular distribution. Four distributions are supported, @i{viz:}
+Normal, Uniform, Poisson and Exponential.
+
+Ideally you should provide the parameters of the distribution against which you wish to test
+the data. For example, with the normal distribution the mean (@var{mu})and standard deviation (@var{sigma})
+should be given; with the uniform distribution, the minimum (@var{min})and maximum (@var{max}) value should
+be provided.
+However, if the parameters are omitted they will be imputed from the data. Imputing the
+parameters reduces the power of the test so should be avoided if possible.
+
+In the following example, two variables @var{score} and @var{age} are tested to see if
+they follow a normal distribution with a mean of 3.5 and a standard deviation of 2.0.
+@example
+ NPAR TESTS
+ /KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV (normal 3.5 2.0) = @var{score} @var{age}.
+@end example
+If the variables need to be tested against different distributions, then a separate
+subcommand must be used. For example the following syntax tests @var{score} against
+a normal distribution with mean of 3.5 and standard deviation of 2.0 whilst @var{age}
+is tested against a normal distribution of mean 40 and standard deviation 1.5.
+@example
+ NPAR TESTS
+ /KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV (normal 3.5 2.0) = @var{score}
+ /KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV (normal 40 1.5) = @var{age}.
+@end example
+
+The abbreviated subcommand K-S may be used in place of KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV.
+
@node KRUSKAL-WALLIS
@subsection Kruskal-Wallis Test
@vindex KRUSKAL-WALLIS
The abbreviated subcommand K-W may be used in place of KRUSKAL-WALLIS.
-@node WILCOXON
-@subsection Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks Test
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@vindex WILCOXON
-@cindex wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test
+@node MANN-WHITNEY
+@subsection Mann-Whitney U Test
+@vindex MANN-WHITNEY
+@vindex M-W
+@cindex Mann-Whitney U test
+@cindex U, Mann-Whitney U
@display
- [ /WILCOXON varlist [ WITH varlist [ (PAIRED) ]]]
+ [ /MANN-WHITNEY = varlist BY var (group1, group2) ]
@end display
-The /WILCOXON subcommand tests for differences between medians of the
-variables listed.
-The test does not make any assumptions about the variances of the samples.
-It does however assume that the distribution is symetrical.
+The Mann-Whitney subcommand is used to test whether two groups of data come from different populations.
+The variables to be tested should be specified in @var{varlist} and the grouping variable, that determines to which group the test variables belong, in @var{var}.
+@var{Var} may be either a string or an alpha variable.
+@var{Group1} and @var{group2} specify the
+two values of @var{var} which determine the groups of the test data.
+Cases for which the @var{var} value is neither @var{group1} or @var{group2} will be ignored.
+
+The value of the Mann-Whitney U statistic, the Wilcoxon W, and the significance will be printed.
+The abbreviated subcommand M-W may be used in place of MANN-WHITNEY.
+
+@node MCNEMAR
+@subsection McNemar Test
+@vindex MCNEMAR
+@cindex McNemar test
+
+@display
+ [ /MCNEMAR varlist [ WITH varlist [ (PAIRED) ]]]
+@end display
+
+Use McNemar's test to analyse the significance of the difference between
+pairs of correlated proportions.
If the @code{WITH} keyword is omitted, then tests for all
combinations of the listed variables are performed.
of variable preceding @code{WITH} against variable following
@code{WITH} are performed.
+The data in each variable must be dichotomous. If there are more
+than two distinct variables an error will occur and the test will
+not be run.
+
+@node MEDIAN
+@subsection Median Test
+@vindex MEDIAN
+@cindex Median test
+
+@display
+ [ /MEDIAN [(value)] = varlist BY variable (value1, value2) ]
+@end display
+
+The median test is used to test whether independent samples come from
+populations with a common median.
+The median of the populations against which the samples are to be tested
+may be given in parentheses immediately after the
+/MEDIAN subcommand. If it is not given, the median will be imputed from the
+union of all the samples.
+
+The variables of the samples to be tested should immediately follow the @samp{=} sign. The
+keyword @code{BY} must come next, and then the grouping variable. Two values
+in parentheses should follow. If the first value is greater than the second,
+then a 2 sample test is performed using these two values to determine the groups.
+If however, the first variable is less than the second, then a @i{k} sample test is
+conducted and the group values used are all values encountered which lie in the
+range [@var{value1},@var{value2}].
+
+
@node RUNS
@subsection Runs Test
@vindex RUNS
@cindex runs test
@display
- [ /RUNS (@{MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE, value@}) varlist ]
+ [ /RUNS (@{MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE, value@}) = varlist ]
@end display
The /RUNS subcommand tests whether a data sequence is randomly ordered.
of variable preceding @code{WITH} against variable following
@code{WITH} are performed.
+@node WILCOXON
+@subsection Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks Test
+@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@vindex WILCOXON
+@cindex wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test
+
+@display
+ [ /WILCOXON varlist [ WITH varlist [ (PAIRED) ]]]
+@end display
+
+The /WILCOXON subcommand tests for differences between medians of the
+variables listed.
+The test does not make any assumptions about the variances of the samples.
+It does however assume that the distribution is symetrical.
+
+If the @code{WITH} keyword is omitted, then tests for all
+combinations of the listed variables are performed.
+If the @code{WITH} keyword is given, and the @code{(PAIRED)} keyword
+is also given, then the number of variables preceding @code{WITH}
+must be the same as the number following it.
+In this case, tests for each respective pair of variables are
+performed.
+If the @code{WITH} keyword is given, but the
+@code{(PAIRED)} keyword is omitted, then tests for each combination
+of variable preceding @code{WITH} against variable following
+@code{WITH} are performed.
+
@node T-TEST
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@section T-TEST
@menu
-* One Sample Mode:: Testing against a hypothesised mean
+* One Sample Mode:: Testing against a hypothesized mean
* Independent Samples Mode:: Testing two independent groups for equal mean
* Paired Samples Mode:: Testing two interdependent groups for equal mean
@end menu
@subsection One Sample Mode
The @cmd{TESTVAL} subcommand invokes the One Sample mode.
-This mode is used to test a population mean against a hypothesised
+This mode is used to test a population mean against a hypothesized
mean.
The value given to the @cmd{TESTVAL} subcommand is the value against
which you wish to test.
/MISSING=@{ANALYSIS,LISTWISE@} @{EXCLUDE,INCLUDE@}
/CONTRAST= value1 [, value2] ... [,valueN]
/STATISTICS=@{DESCRIPTIVES,HOMOGENEITY@}
-
+ /POSTHOC=@{BONFERRONI, GH, LSD, SCHEFFE, SIDAK, TUKEY, ALPHA ([value])@}
@end display
The @cmd{ONEWAY} procedure performs a one-way analysis of variance of
user-missing are to be excluded from the analysis. A setting of
INCLUDE means they are to be included. The default is EXCLUDE.
+Using the @code{POSTHOC} subcommand you can perform multiple
+pairwise comparisons on the data. The following comparison methods
+are available:
+@itemize
+@item LSD
+Least Significant Difference.
+@item TUKEY
+Tukey Honestly Significant Difference.
+@item BONFERRONI
+Bonferroni test.
+@item SCHEFFE
+Scheff@'e's test.
+@item SIDAK
+Sidak test.
+@item GH
+The Games-Howell test.
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+The optional syntax @code{ALPHA(@var{value})} is used to indicate
+that @var{value} should be used as the
+confidence level for which the posthoc tests will be performed.
+The default is 0.05.
+
+@node QUICK CLUSTER
+@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@section QUICK CLUSTER
+@vindex QUICK CLUSTER
+
+@cindex K-means clustering
+@cindex clustering
+
+@display
+QUICK CLUSTER var_list
+ [/CRITERIA=CLUSTERS(@var{k}) [MXITER(@var{max_iter})]]
+ [/MISSING=@{EXCLUDE,INCLUDE@} @{LISTWISE, PAIRWISE@}]
+@end display
+
+The @cmd{QUICK CLUSTER} command performs k-means clustering on the
+dataset. This is useful when you wish to allocate cases into clusters
+of similar values and you already know the number of clusters.
+
+The minimum specification is @samp{QUICK CLUSTER} followed by the names
+of the variables which contain the cluster data. Normally you will also
+want to specify @samp{/CRITERIA=CLUSTERS(@var{k})} where @var{k} is the
+number of clusters. If this is not given, then @var{k} defaults to 2.
+
+The command uses an iterative algorithm to determine the clusters for
+each case. It will continue iterating until convergence, or until @var{max_iter}
+iterations have been done. The default value of @var{max_iter} is 2.
+
+The @cmd{MISSING} subcommand determines the handling of missing variables.
+If INCLUDE is set, then user-missing values are considered at their face
+value and not as missing values.
+If EXCLUDE is set, which is the default, user-missing
+values are excluded as well as system-missing values.
+
+If LISTWISE is set, then the entire case is excluded from the analysis
+whenever any of the clustering variables contains a missing value.
+If PAIRWISE is set, then a case is considered missing only if all the
+clustering variables contain missing values. Otherwise it is clustered
+on the basis of the non-missing values.
+The default is LISTWISE.
+
@node RANK
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@section RANK
+
@vindex RANK
@display
RANK
@end display
@cindex Cronbach's Alpha
-The @cmd{RELIABILTY} command performs reliablity analysis on the data.
+The @cmd{RELIABILTY} command performs reliability analysis on the data.
The VARIABLES subcommand is required. It determines the set of variables
upon which analysis is to be performed.
@section ROC
@vindex ROC
-@cindex Receiver Operating Characterstic
+@cindex Receiver Operating Characteristic
@cindex Area under curve
@display
projects / pspp-builds.git / blobdiff